การคลอรีนและการฆ่าเชื้อในน้ำประปา

การแทรกแซงด้านสาธารณสุขที่ช่วยชีวิตผู้คนได้หลายล้านคน

Environmental & Water Treatment Global Industrial Scale $8 billion

ภาพรวม

Water chlorination is the most widely used method for disinfecting municipal drinking water, credited with virtually eliminating waterborne diseases such as cholera, typhoid, and dysentery in developed countries. The process adds chlorine gas, sodium hypochlorite, or calcium hypochlorite to water, forming hypochlorous acid which destroys pathogenic bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. First applied in Jersey City, NJ in 1908, chlorination has been called the most significant public health advancement of the 20th century.

กระบวนการทางเคมี

Chlorine is added to treated water at 0.5-4 mg/L dose. It reacts with water to form hypochlorous acid (HOCl, the primary disinfectant) and hydrochloric acid. Breakpoint chlorination oxidizes ammonia and organic compounds first, then provides free chlorine residual for distribution system protection. Contact time of 15-30 minutes at the treatment plant ensures adequate CT (concentration x time) for disinfection.

Cl2 + H2O -> HOCl + HCl (chlorine hydrolysis)
HOCl <=> H+ + OCl- (pKa = 7.5, HOCl is 80x more effective than OCl-)
HOCl + pathogens -> oxidative destruction of cell membranes and nucleic acids

วัตถุดิบ

  • Chlorine gas (Cl2) — Chlor-alkali electrolysis of NaCl brine (Disinfectant (large systems))
  • Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl, bleach) — Chlorination of NaOH (Disinfectant (small/medium systems))
  • Calcium hypochlorite (Ca(OCl)2) — Chlorination of Ca(OH)2 (Disinfectant (emergency/remote applications))

ผลิตภัณฑ์สำเร็จรูป

  • Disinfected drinking water — Municipal water supply (Free chlorine residual 0.2-0.5 mg/L at tap)
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Environmental Impact

Chlorination produces disinfection byproducts (DBPs) including trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) when chlorine reacts with natural organic matter. Some DBPs are suspected carcinogens. Residual chlorine can be toxic to aquatic organisms in wastewater discharge. Despite these concerns, chlorination's public health benefits vastly outweigh the DBP risks.

ข้อควรพิจารณาด้านความปลอดภัย

นวัตกรรมล่าสุด

Chloramine (monochloramine) disinfection produces fewer THMs while maintaining longer residual.
UV disinfection and ozone treatment used as primary disinfection with chlorine as secondary.
On-site sodium hypochlorite generation from salt electrolysis eliminates chlorine gas handling risks.

ขนาดการผลิต

5000000

ตัน/ปี

$8 billion

มูลค่าตลาด

เพิ่มเติมใน %(name)s Environmental & Water Treatment

Frequently Asked Questions

What industry uses การคลอรีนและการฆ่าเชื้อในน้ำประปา?
การคลอรีนและการฆ่าเชื้อในน้ำประปา is used in the environmental & water treatment sector at global industrial scale scale.
What process is involved in การคลอรีนและการฆ่าเชื้อในน้ำประปา?
Chlorine is added to treated water at 0.5-4 mg/L dose. It reacts with water to form hypochlorous acid (HOCl, the primary disinfectant) and hydrochloric acid. Breakpoint chlorination oxidizes ammonia and organic compounds first, then provides free chlorine residual for distribution system protection.
What is the economic significance of การคลอรีนและการฆ่าเชื้อในน้ำประปา?
การคลอรีนและการฆ่าเชื้อในน้ำประปา has a market value of $8 billion and annual production of 5,000,000 tons.
What is the environmental impact of การคลอรีนและการฆ่าเชื้อในน้ำประปา?
Chlorination produces disinfection byproducts (DBPs) including trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) when chlorine reacts with natural organic matter. Some DBPs are suspected carcinogens. Residual chlorine can be toxic to aquatic organisms in wastewater discharge. Despite these concerns
What raw materials are used in การคลอรีนและการฆ่าเชื้อในน้ำประปา?
The main raw materials include: Chlorine gas (Cl2), Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl, bleach), Calcium hypochlorite (Ca(OCl)2).