Herstellung synthetischer Tenside (Natriumlaurylsulfat)
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Das Schäummittel in Shampoos, Zahnpasta und Reinigungsmitteln
Übersicht
Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and sodium laureth sulfate (SLES) are the most widely used synthetic surfactants in personal care products. SLS is produced by sulfation of lauryl alcohol (from coconut or palm kernel oil) with sulfur trioxide or chlorosulfonic acid, followed by neutralization with NaOH. These anionic surfactants provide the foaming, cleansing, and emulsifying properties consumers expect in shampoos, body washes, toothpastes, and household cleaners. Despite some consumer concern, SLS has a long safety record at typical use concentrations.
Chemischer Prozess
Lauryl alcohol (C₁₂H₂₅OH, from hydrogenation of coconut oil fatty acids) is reacted with sulfur trioxide gas in a falling-film reactor to form lauryl hydrogen sulfate. The acid ester is immediately neutralized with NaOH to produce sodium lauryl sulfate. For SLES, lauryl alcohol is first ethoxylated with 2-3 moles of ethylene oxide before sulfation, producing a milder surfactant with improved solubility.
C₁₂H₂₅OSO₃H + NaOH → C₁₂H₂₅OSO₃Na + H₂O (neutralization to SLS)
For SLES: C₁₂H₂₅OH + nC₂H₄O →[KOH] C₁₂H₂₅(OCH₂CH₂)ₙOH (ethoxylation, n=2-3, before sulfation)
Rohstoffe
-
Lauryl alcohol (C₁₂H₂₅OH, 1-dodecanol) — Hydrogenation of coconut/palm kernel oil (Hydrophobic chain)
-
Sulfur trioxide (SO₃) — Contact process or oleum (Sulfating agent)
-
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) — Chlor-alkali process (Neutralizing agent)
Endprodukte
-
Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS, C₁₂H₂₅OSO₃Na) — Shampoos, toothpaste, body wash, cleaners (28-30% active solution or needles)
-
Sodium laureth sulfate (SLES) — Milder shampoos and body washes (Ethoxylated version, 70% active paste)
Environmental Impact
SLS is readily biodegradable (>95% in 28 days, OECD 301D) and has low aquatic toxicity at environmental concentrations. Palm kernel oil sourcing raises sustainability concerns. SLES production involves ethylene oxide, a known carcinogen, though no EO remains in the final product. 1,4-Dioxane as a trace byproduct of ethoxylation is monitored and minimized.
Sicherheitshinweise
- ⚠ Sulfur trioxide is extremely corrosive and generates heat on contact with organics
- ⚠ Exothermic sulfation reaction requires careful temperature control to prevent charring
- ⚠ Ethylene oxide (for SLES) is carcinogenic, flammable, and explosive
- ⚠ SLS concentrate is a skin and eye irritant — handling PPE required
Neuere Innovationen
Sulfate-free surfactants (amino acid-based, glucoside, and isethionate types) are gaining market share for sensitive skin products.
Bio-based sophorolipid and rhamnolipid biosurfactants from fermentation offer biodegradable alternatives.
Solid surfactant bars eliminate plastic packaging from liquid shampoo bottles.
Produktionsmaßstab
3000000
Tonnen/Jahr
$5 billion
Marktwert
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