Nitration of Benzene

C₆H₆ + HNO₃ → C₆H₅NO₂ + H₂O

Ikhtisar

Benzene undergoes electrophilic aromatic substitution with nitric acid in the presence of sulfuric acid to form nitrobenzene. The active electrophile is the nitronium ion (NO₂⁺) generated by protonation of HNO₃. The reaction temperature must be carefully controlled to avoid dinitration.

Peserta

Peran	Zat	Koefisien	Keadaan
Reaktan	Benzene C₆H₆	1	(l)
Reaktan	Nitric Acid HNO₃	1	(aq)
Produk	Water H₂O	1	(l)

Contoh Sehari-hari

Nitrobenzene has a bitter almond odor and was once used in shoe polish and floor wax. TNT is made by trinitration of toluene.

Pentingnya dalam Industri

Nitrobenzene is produced at over 5 million tonnes annually, almost entirely for reduction to aniline, the precursor to polyurethanes and dyes.

Sifat

Jenis: Organic
Dapat Dibalik: Tidak
Energi: Eksoterm
ΔH: -117,0 kJ/mol
Katalis: H₂SO₄ (generates NO₂⁺)

Reaksi Terkait

Epoxidation of Alkenes (mCPBA) Swern Oxidation Oxidation of Secondary Alcohol to Ketone E2 Elimination (Dehydrohalogenation) Claisen Condensation (Ethyl Acetate) Aldol Condensation of Acetaldehyde Kolbe Electrolysis Baeyer-Villiger Oxidation Beckmann Rearrangement (Cyclohexanone Oxime) Dehydration of Ethanol

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the equation for Nitration of Benzene?

The balanced equation is: C₆H₆ + HNO₃ → C₆H₅NO₂ + H₂O.

What type of reaction is Nitration of Benzene?

Nitration of Benzene is a organic reaction.

Is Nitration of Benzene exothermic or endothermic?

Nitration of Benzene is exothermic (releases energy). The enthalpy change (ΔH) is -117.0 kJ/mol.

What conditions are needed for Nitration of Benzene?

This reaction requires a catalyst (H₂SO₄ (generates NO₂⁺)).