การสังเคราะห์พาราเซตามอล (อะซิตามิโนเฟน)

Paracetamol (acetaminophen) is the most widely used analgesic and antipyretic drug globally, with annual production exceeding 145,000 tons. The industrial synthesis proceeds through reduction of p-nitrophenol to p-aminophenol, followed by acetylation with acetic anhydride. Modern catalytic hydrogenation methods have replaced older iron-acid reduction, improving yields and reducing waste. The drug is formulated into tablets, capsules, liquids, and suppositories for over-the-counter and prescription use.

A new one-pot synthesis from hydroquinone using enzymatic amidation has been developed, eliminating the need for nitrophenol intermediates.
Continuous flow hydrogenation reactors improve safety and throughput.