Nitration of Benzene

C₆H₆ + HNO₃ → C₆H₅NO₂ + H₂O

अवलोकन

Benzene undergoes electrophilic aromatic substitution with nitric acid in the presence of sulfuric acid to form nitrobenzene. The active electrophile is the nitronium ion (NO₂⁺) generated by protonation of HNO₃. The reaction temperature must be carefully controlled to avoid dinitration.

प्रतिभागी

भूमिका	पदार्थ	गुणांक	अवस्था
अभिकारक	Benzene C₆H₆	1	(l)
अभिकारक	Nitric Acid HNO₃	1	(aq)
उत्पाद	Water H₂O	1	(l)

रोजमर्रा का उदाहरण

Nitrobenzene has a bitter almond odor and was once used in shoe polish and floor wax. TNT is made by trinitration of toluene.

औद्योगिक महत्व

Nitrobenzene is produced at over 5 million tonnes annually, almost entirely for reduction to aniline, the precursor to polyurethanes and dyes.

गुण

प्रकार: Organic
प्रतिवर्ती: नहीं
ऊर्जा: ऊष्माक्षेपी
ΔH: -117.0 kJ/mol
उत्प्रेरक: H₂SO₄ (generates NO₂⁺)

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the equation for Nitration of Benzene?

The balanced equation is: C₆H₆ + HNO₃ → C₆H₅NO₂ + H₂O.

What type of reaction is Nitration of Benzene?

Nitration of Benzene is a organic reaction.

Is Nitration of Benzene exothermic or endothermic?

Nitration of Benzene is exothermic (releases energy). The enthalpy change (ΔH) is -117.0 kJ/mol.

What conditions are needed for Nitration of Benzene?

This reaction requires a catalyst (H₂SO₄ (generates NO₂⁺)).