Nitration of Benzene

C6H6 + HNO3 → C6H5NO2 + H2O

अवलोकन

Benzene undergoes electrophilic aromatic substitution with nitric acid in the presence of sulfuric acid to form nitrobenzene. The active electrophile is the nitronium ion (NO₂⁺) generated by protonation of HNO₃. The reaction temperature must be carefully controlled to avoid dinitration.

प्रतिभागी

भूमिका पदार्थ गुणांक अवस्था
अभिकारक Benzene C₆H₆ 1 (l)
अभिकारक Nitric Acid HNO₃ 1 (aq)
उत्पाद Water H₂O 1 (l)

रोजमर्रा का उदाहरण

Nitrobenzene has a bitter almond odor and was once used in shoe polish and floor wax. TNT is made by trinitration of toluene.

औद्योगिक महत्व

Nitrobenzene is produced at over 5 million tonnes annually, almost entirely for reduction to aniline, the precursor to polyurethanes and dyes.

गुण

प्रकार
Organic
प्रतिवर्ती
नहीं
ऊर्जा
ऊष्माक्षेपी
ΔH
-117.0 kJ/mol
उत्प्रेरक
H₂SO₄ (generates NO₂⁺)

संबंधित अभिक्रियाएँ

Swern Oxidation Oxidation of Secondary Alcohol to Ketone Claisen Condensation (Ethyl Acetate) Kolbe Electrolysis Baeyer-Villiger Oxidation Beckmann Rearrangement (Cyclohexanone Oxime) Catalytic Hydrogenation of Ethylene Condensation Polymerization (Nylon 6,6) Cope Rearrangement Epoxidation of Alkenes (mCPBA)

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the equation for Nitration of Benzene?
The balanced equation is: C₆H₆ + HNO₃ → C₆H₅NO₂ + H₂O.
What type of reaction is Nitration of Benzene?
Nitration of Benzene is a organic reaction.
Is Nitration of Benzene exothermic or endothermic?
Nitration of Benzene is exothermic (releases energy). The enthalpy change (ΔH) is -117.0 kJ/mol.
What conditions are needed for Nitration of Benzene?
This reaction requires a catalyst (H₂SO₄ (generates NO₂⁺)).