Sintesis Herbisida Glifosat

Bahan aktif herbisida yang paling banyak digunakan di dunia

Agriculture & Fertilizers Global Industrial Scale $6 billion

Ikhtisar

Glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine) is the most widely used herbicide globally, originally developed and marketed by Monsanto as Roundup. It works by inhibiting the enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) in the shikimate pathway, which is essential for aromatic amino acid synthesis in plants but absent in animals. Glyphosate's use expanded dramatically with the introduction of genetically modified glyphosate-resistant crops (Roundup Ready) in 1996. The herbicide went off patent in 2000, and China now produces over 60% of global supply.

Proses Kimia

The predominant industrial route (IDA pathway) reacts iminodiacetic acid (IDA) with formaldehyde and phosphorous acid. IDA is produced from glycine and formaldehyde via a Strecker-like reaction, then phosphonomethylated. Alternatively, the glycine route (Monsanto process) uses DEPA (diethyl phosphite), formaldehyde, and glycine. The product is purified and formulated as the isopropylamine salt (IPA) for liquid products.

HN(CH2COOH)2 + HCHO + H3PO3 ->[catalyst] (HOOC-CH2)N(CH2PO(OH)2)(CH2COOH) -> HOOC-CH2-NH-CH2-PO(OH)2 + HCOOH (IDA route, oxidative decarboxylation)

Bahan Baku

  • Iminodiacetic acid (IDA, HN(CH2COOH)2) — Reaction of glycine with formaldehyde and HCN (Amine backbone)
  • Phosphorous acid (H3PO3) — Hydrolysis of phosphorus trichloride (Phosphorus source)
  • Formaldehyde (HCHO) — Methanol oxidation (Methylenating agent)

Produk Akhir

  • Glyphosate IPA salt (C3H8NO5P) — Non-selective systemic herbicide (Formulated as 360-480 g/L aqueous concentrate)
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Environmental Impact

Glyphosate degrades in soil with a half-life of 2-215 days (median ~47 days) primarily through microbial metabolism. AMPA (aminomethylphosphonic acid) is the primary degradation product. Glyphosate has been classified as 'probably carcinogenic' (IARC Group 2A) though regulatory agencies (EPA, EFSA) have generally concluded it is unlikely to be carcinogenic at typical exposure levels. The debate remains highly contentious.

Pertimbangan Keselamatan

Inovasi Terbaru

Newer herbicide formulations replace POEA surfactant with less toxic alternatives.
Precision agriculture and robotic weed control reduce herbicide application volumes.
Gene-edited crops with novel herbicide tolerances may diversify weed management options.

Skala Produksi

800000

ton/tahun

$6 billion

nilai pasar

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Frequently Asked Questions

What industry uses Sintesis Herbisida Glifosat?
Sintesis Herbisida Glifosat is used in the agriculture & fertilizers sector at global industrial scale scale.
What process is involved in Sintesis Herbisida Glifosat?
The predominant industrial route (IDA pathway) reacts iminodiacetic acid (IDA) with formaldehyde and phosphorous acid. IDA is produced from glycine and formaldehyde via a Strecker-like reaction, then phosphonomethylated. Alternatively, the glycine route (Monsanto process) uses DEPA (diethyl phosphit
What is the economic significance of Sintesis Herbisida Glifosat?
Sintesis Herbisida Glifosat has a market value of $6 billion and annual production of 800,000 tons.
What is the environmental impact of Sintesis Herbisida Glifosat?
Glyphosate degrades in soil with a half-life of 2-215 days (median ~47 days) primarily through microbial metabolism. AMPA (aminomethylphosphonic acid) is the primary degradation product. Glyphosate has been classified as 'probably carcinogenic' (IARC Group 2A) though regulatory agencies (EPA, EFSA)
What raw materials are used in Sintesis Herbisida Glifosat?
The main raw materials include: Iminodiacetic acid (IDA, HN(CH2COOH)2), Phosphorous acid (H3PO3), Formaldehyde (HCHO).