नगरपालिका जल क्लोरीनेशन और कीटाणुशोधन
Embed This Widget
Add the script tag and a data attribute to embed this widget.
Embed via iframe for maximum compatibility.
<iframe src="https://chemfyi.com/iframe/entity//" width="420" height="400" frameborder="0" style="border:0;border-radius:10px;max-width:100%" loading="lazy"></iframe>Paste this URL in WordPress, Medium, or any oEmbed-compatible platform.
https://chemfyi.com/entity//Add a dynamic SVG badge to your README or docs.
[](https://chemfyi.com/entity//)Use the native HTML custom element.
वह सार्वजनिक स्वास्थ्य हस्तक्षेप जिसने लाखों जीवन बचाए
अवलोकन
Water chlorination is the most widely used method for disinfecting municipal drinking water, credited with virtually eliminating waterborne diseases such as cholera, typhoid, and dysentery in developed countries. The process adds chlorine gas, sodium hypochlorite, or calcium hypochlorite to water, forming hypochlorous acid which destroys pathogenic bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. First applied in Jersey City, NJ in 1908, chlorination has been called the most significant public health advancement of the 20th century.
रासायनिक प्रक्रिया
Chlorine is added to treated water at 0.5-4 mg/L dose. It reacts with water to form hypochlorous acid (HOCl, the primary disinfectant) and hydrochloric acid. Breakpoint chlorination oxidizes ammonia and organic compounds first, then provides free chlorine residual for distribution system protection. Contact time of 15-30 minutes at the treatment plant ensures adequate CT (concentration x time) for disinfection.
HOCl <=> H+ + OCl- (pKa = 7.5, HOCl is 80x more effective than OCl-)
HOCl + pathogens -> oxidative destruction of cell membranes and nucleic acids
कच्चा माल
-
Chlorine gas (Cl2) — Chlor-alkali electrolysis of NaCl brine (Disinfectant (large systems))
-
Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl, bleach) — Chlorination of NaOH (Disinfectant (small/medium systems))
-
Calcium hypochlorite (Ca(OCl)2) — Chlorination of Ca(OH)2 (Disinfectant (emergency/remote applications))
अंतिम उत्पाद
-
Disinfected drinking water — Municipal water supply (Free chlorine residual 0.2-0.5 mg/L at tap)
Environmental Impact
Chlorination produces disinfection byproducts (DBPs) including trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) when chlorine reacts with natural organic matter. Some DBPs are suspected carcinogens. Residual chlorine can be toxic to aquatic organisms in wastewater discharge. Despite these concerns, chlorination's public health benefits vastly outweigh the DBP risks.
सुरक्षा संबंधी विचार
- ⚠ Chlorine gas is extremely toxic (LC50 ~293 ppm) -- lethal at low concentrations
- ⚠ Gas cylinder handling requires specialized training and equipment
- ⚠ Mixing hypochlorite with acids produces lethal chlorine gas
- ⚠ Calcium hypochlorite is a strong oxidizer -- fire and explosion risk with organics
हालिया नवाचार
Chloramine (monochloramine) disinfection produces fewer THMs while maintaining longer residual.
UV disinfection and ozone treatment used as primary disinfection with chlorine as secondary.
On-site sodium hypochlorite generation from salt electrolysis eliminates chlorine gas handling risks.
उत्पादन पैमाना
5000000
टन/वर्ष
$8 billion
बाज़ार मूल्य
%(name)s में और Environmental & Water Treatment
आयन एक्सचेंज जल मृदुकरण और विआयनीकरण
Global Industrial Scale
ओजोन जल उपचार और उन्नत ऑक्सीकरण
Commercial Production
औद्योगिक अपशिष्ट जल से भारी धातु अवक्षेपण
Global Industrial Scale
जल और वायु शुद्धिकरण के लिए सक्रिय कार्बन अवशोषण
Global Industrial Scale
पेट्रोलियम-दूषित मिट्टी का जैव उपचार
Commercial Production
फ्लू गैस डिसल्फराइजेशन (वेट लाइमस्टोन स्क्रबिंग)
Global Industrial Scale
रिवर्स ऑस्मोसिस मेम्ब्रेन डिसेलिनेशन
Global Industrial Scale