Síntese do Herbicida Glifosato

O princípio ativo herbicida mais amplamente utilizado no mundo

Agriculture & Fertilizers Global Industrial Scale $6 billion

Visão geral

Glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine) is the most widely used herbicide globally, originally developed and marketed by Monsanto as Roundup. It works by inhibiting the enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) in the shikimate pathway, which is essential for aromatic amino acid synthesis in plants but absent in animals. Glyphosate's use expanded dramatically with the introduction of genetically modified glyphosate-resistant crops (Roundup Ready) in 1996. The herbicide went off patent in 2000, and China now produces over 60% of global supply.

Processo químico

The predominant industrial route (IDA pathway) reacts iminodiacetic acid (IDA) with formaldehyde and phosphorous acid. IDA is produced from glycine and formaldehyde via a Strecker-like reaction, then phosphonomethylated. Alternatively, the glycine route (Monsanto process) uses DEPA (diethyl phosphite), formaldehyde, and glycine. The product is purified and formulated as the isopropylamine salt (IPA) for liquid products.

HN(CH2COOH)2 + HCHO + H3PO3 ->[catalyst] (HOOC-CH2)N(CH2PO(OH)2)(CH2COOH) -> HOOC-CH2-NH-CH2-PO(OH)2 + HCOOH (IDA route, oxidative decarboxylation)

Matérias-primas

  • Iminodiacetic acid (IDA, HN(CH2COOH)2) — Reaction of glycine with formaldehyde and HCN (Amine backbone)
  • Phosphorous acid (H3PO3) — Hydrolysis of phosphorus trichloride (Phosphorus source)
  • Formaldehyde (HCHO) — Methanol oxidation (Methylenating agent)

Produtos finais

  • Glyphosate IPA salt (C3H8NO5P) — Non-selective systemic herbicide (Formulated as 360-480 g/L aqueous concentrate)
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Environmental Impact

Glyphosate degrades in soil with a half-life of 2-215 days (median ~47 days) primarily through microbial metabolism. AMPA (aminomethylphosphonic acid) is the primary degradation product. Glyphosate has been classified as 'probably carcinogenic' (IARC Group 2A) though regulatory agencies (EPA, EFSA) have generally concluded it is unlikely to be carcinogenic at typical exposure levels. The debate remains highly contentious.

Considerações de segurança

Inovações recentes

Newer herbicide formulations replace POEA surfactant with less toxic alternatives.
Precision agriculture and robotic weed control reduce herbicide application volumes.
Gene-edited crops with novel herbicide tolerances may diversify weed management options.

Escala de produção

800000

toneladas/ano

$6 billion

valor de mercado

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Frequently Asked Questions

What industry uses Síntese do Herbicida Glifosato?
Síntese do Herbicida Glifosato is used in the agriculture & fertilizers sector at global industrial scale scale.
What process is involved in Síntese do Herbicida Glifosato?
The predominant industrial route (IDA pathway) reacts iminodiacetic acid (IDA) with formaldehyde and phosphorous acid. IDA is produced from glycine and formaldehyde via a Strecker-like reaction, then phosphonomethylated. Alternatively, the glycine route (Monsanto process) uses DEPA (diethyl phosphit
What is the economic significance of Síntese do Herbicida Glifosato?
Síntese do Herbicida Glifosato has a market value of $6 billion and annual production of 800,000 tons.
What is the environmental impact of Síntese do Herbicida Glifosato?
Glyphosate degrades in soil with a half-life of 2-215 days (median ~47 days) primarily through microbial metabolism. AMPA (aminomethylphosphonic acid) is the primary degradation product. Glyphosate has been classified as 'probably carcinogenic' (IARC Group 2A) though regulatory agencies (EPA, EFSA)
What raw materials are used in Síntese do Herbicida Glifosato?
The main raw materials include: Iminodiacetic acid (IDA, HN(CH2COOH)2), Phosphorous acid (H3PO3), Formaldehyde (HCHO).