Síntese de Ureia a partir de Amônia e Dióxido de Carbono

O fertilizante nitrogenado sólido mais consumido no mundo

Agriculture & Fertilizers Global Industrial Scale $60 billion

Visão geral

Urea is the world's most widely used solid nitrogen fertilizer, produced by reacting ammonia with carbon dioxide at high temperature and pressure. The process conveniently uses the CO2 byproduct from hydrogen production in ammonia synthesis, making urea plants typically co-located with ammonia plants. Urea contains 46% nitrogen (the highest of any solid fertilizer), is non-explosive, highly water-soluble, and easy to handle and apply. It is also used in animal feed, urea-formaldehyde resins, and diesel exhaust fluid (DEF/AdBlue).

Processo químico

Ammonia and CO2 (molar ratio 3-4:1) react at 180-210 degrees C and 140-250 bar in a high-pressure reactor to form ammonium carbamate, which dehydrates to urea. Single-pass conversion is approximately 65%. Unconverted carbamate is decomposed and recycled. The urea solution is concentrated by evaporation and formed into prills (spray tower) or granules (fluid bed).

2NH3 + CO2 <=>[180 degrees C, 150 bar] NH2COONH4 (ammonium carbamate formation, fast)
NH2COONH4 <=>[dehydration] CO(NH2)2 + H2O (urea formation, slow, equilibrium limited)

Matérias-primas

  • Ammonia (NH3) — Haber-Bosch process (Nitrogen source)
  • Carbon dioxide (CO2) — Byproduct of steam methane reforming for H2 (Carbon source)

Produtos finais

  • Urea prills or granules (CO(NH2)2) — Nitrogen fertilizer, animal feed, DEF/AdBlue, resins (46% N, the highest of any solid fertilizer)
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Environmental Impact

Urea application to soil generates N2O (a potent greenhouse gas) through nitrification and denitrification. Ammonia volatilization from surface-applied urea wastes nitrogen and contributes to particulate matter formation. Urease inhibitors and controlled-release coatings can reduce these losses by 30-50%.

Considerações de segurança

Inovações recentes

Urease inhibitors (NBPT) applied to urea granules reduce ammonia volatilization by 50%.
Polymer-coated urea provides controlled nitrogen release matching crop demand.
CO2 capture from flue gas for urea production could expand supply while reducing emissions.

Escala de produção

190000000

toneladas/ano

$60 billion

valor de mercado

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Frequently Asked Questions

What industry uses Síntese de Ureia a partir de Amônia e Dióxido de Carbono?
Síntese de Ureia a partir de Amônia e Dióxido de Carbono is used in the agriculture & fertilizers sector at global industrial scale scale.
What process is involved in Síntese de Ureia a partir de Amônia e Dióxido de Carbono?
Ammonia and CO2 (molar ratio 3-4:1) react at 180-210 degrees C and 140-250 bar in a high-pressure reactor to form ammonium carbamate, which dehydrates to urea. Single-pass conversion is approximately 65%. Unconverted carbamate is decomposed and recycled. The urea solution is concentrated by evaporat
What is the economic significance of Síntese de Ureia a partir de Amônia e Dióxido de Carbono?
Síntese de Ureia a partir de Amônia e Dióxido de Carbono has a market value of $60 billion and annual production of 190,000,000 tons.
What is the environmental impact of Síntese de Ureia a partir de Amônia e Dióxido de Carbono?
Urea application to soil generates N2O (a potent greenhouse gas) through nitrification and denitrification. Ammonia volatilization from surface-applied urea wastes nitrogen and contributes to particulate matter formation. Urease inhibitors and controlled-release coatings can reduce these losses by 3
What raw materials are used in Síntese de Ureia a partir de Amônia e Dióxido de Carbono?
The main raw materials include: Ammonia (NH3), Carbon dioxide (CO2).