Nitration of Benzene
C6H6 + HNO3 → C6H5NO2 + H2O
Visão geral
Benzene undergoes electrophilic aromatic substitution with nitric acid in the presence of sulfuric acid to form nitrobenzene. The active electrophile is the nitronium ion (NO₂⁺) generated by protonation of HNO₃. The reaction temperature must be carefully controlled to avoid dinitration.
Participantes
| Papel | Substância | Coeficiente | Estado |
|---|---|---|---|
| Reagente | Benzene C₆H₆ | 1 | (l) |
| Reagente | Nitric Acid HNO₃ | 1 | (aq) |
| Produto | Water H₂O | 1 | (l) |
Exemplo do cotidiano
Nitrobenzene has a bitter almond odor and was once used in shoe polish and floor wax. TNT is made by trinitration of toluene.
Importância industrial
O nitrobenzeno é produzido em mais de 5 milhões de toneladas por ano, quase inteiramente para redução a anilina, precursora de poliuretanos e corantes.
Propriedades
- Tipo
- Organic
- Reversível
- Não
- Energia
- Exotérmico
- ΔH
- -117,0 kJ/mol
- Catalisador
- H₂SO₄ (generates NO₂⁺)
Reações relacionadas
Swern Oxidation
Oxidation of Secondary Alcohol to Ketone
Claisen Condensation (Ethyl Acetate)
Kolbe Electrolysis
Baeyer-Villiger Oxidation
Beckmann Rearrangement (Cyclohexanone Oxime)
Catalytic Hydrogenation of Ethylene
Condensation Polymerization (Nylon 6,6)
Cope Rearrangement
Epoxidation of Alkenes (mCPBA)
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the equation for Nitration of Benzene?
The balanced equation is: C₆H₆ + HNO₃ → C₆H₅NO₂ + H₂O.
What type of reaction is Nitration of Benzene?
Nitration of Benzene is a organic reaction.
Is Nitration of Benzene exothermic or endothermic?
Nitration of Benzene is exothermic (releases energy). The enthalpy change (ΔH) is -117.0 kJ/mol.
What conditions are needed for Nitration of Benzene?
This reaction requires a catalyst (H₂SO₄ (generates NO₂⁺)).