14 Si Silicon 28.085 u

Silicon

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Period
3
Group
14
Block
p-block
Phase (STP)
Solid

Silicon is the second most abundant element in Earth's crust after oxygen. It is the foundation of modern electronics and semiconductor technology.

Appearance: Crystalline, reflective with bluish tinge

About Silicon

The foundation of modern electronics, silicon is a hard, crystalline metalloid whose semiconducting behavior underpins integrated circuits. It has atomic number 14 and an atomic mass of 28.085, a reflective surface with a bluish tinge, and a melting point of 1687 K. Four valence electrons ([Ne] 3s2 3p2) and an electronegativity of 1.90 favor a covalent, diamond-like lattice; its first ionization energy is 786.5 kJ/mol. Jöns Jacob Berzelius isolated the element in 1824. After oxygen, silicon is the second most abundant element in Earth's crust, occurring in sand and silicate minerals rather than free. It belongs to group 14, period 3, below carbon.

Physical Properties

Atomic Mass 28.085 u
Density 2.3296 g/cm³
Melting Point 1413.8 °C
Boiling Point 3264.8 °C
Phase at STP Solid
Atomic Radius 111.0 pm

Electronic Properties

Electronegativity 1.9
Ionization Energy 786.5 eV
Electron Affinity 133.6 eV
Valence Electrons 4

Electron Configuration

Configuration [Ne] 3s² 3p²

Electron Shell Configuration

Silicon electron shell configuration Si 2e⁻ 8e⁻ 4e⁻
Electron shell structure of Silicon — electrons per shell.
Shell Electrons
1 (K) 2
2 (L) 8
3 (M) 4

Position in Periodic Table

Silicon position in the periodic table Si

Discovery

Discovered by: Jons Jacob Berzelius
Year: 1824

Block & Period

Block

s p d f

Period

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Periodic Table

Lanthanides Actinides

Reactions Involving Si

Formation of Silicon Dioxide

Si + O₂ → SiO₂

Synthesis

Compounds Containing Silicon

Calcium Silicate

CaSiO₃

Kaolinite

Al₂Si₂O₅(OH)₄

Magnesium Silicate

Mg₃Si₄O₁₀(OH)₂

Potassium Feldspar

KAlSi₃O₈

Silane

SiH₄

Silicon Carbide

SiC

Silicon Dioxide

SiO₂

Silicon Tetrachloride

SiCl₄

Sodium Silicate

Na₂SiO₃

Talc

Mg₃Si₄O₁₀(OH)₂

Tetramethylsilane

Si(CH₃)₄

Zeolite A

Na₁₂Al₁₂Si₁₂O₄₈

More Metalloid

5 B Boron 32 Ge Germanium 33 As Arsenic 51 Sb Antimony 52 Te Tellurium

Explore on Science FYI

MineralFYI
Quartz

Silicon dioxide (SiO₂) — most common silicate

Frequently Asked Questions

What is Silicon?
Silicon (Si) is a chemical element with atomic number 14. It is a solid at standard temperature and pressure, classified as a metalloid.
What are the key properties of Silicon?
Silicon has an atomic mass of 28.085 u, density of 2.3296 g/cm³, melting point of 1413.8°C, boiling point of 3264.8°C.
What is the electron configuration of Silicon?
The electron configuration of Silicon is [Ne] 3s2 3p2. It is in the p-block of the periodic table.
Who discovered Silicon?
Silicon was discovered by Jons Jacob Berzelius in 1824.
What is the electronegativity of Silicon?
Silicon has an electronegativity of 1.9 on the Pauling scale.