Fabricação de Sabão por Saponificação

Conversão de gorduras em sabão usando hidróxido de sódio

Organic Synthesis Intermediate (High School) 60 min ~$10,00

Objetivo

Fabricar sabão pela saponificação de óleo vegetal com hidróxido de sódio, demonstrando a hidrólise das ligações éster nos triglicerídeos.

Contexto

Saponification is the base-catalyzed hydrolysis of a fat or oil (triglyceride) to produce glycerol and soap (sodium salts of fatty acids). This ancient chemical reaction is the basis of all soap manufacturing and demonstrates ester bond cleavage.

Avisos de segurança

  • Concentrated NaOH is extremely corrosive
  • Wear nitrile gloves and goggles at all times
  • Hot oil and NaOH can cause severe burns
  • Do not use the soap on skin until it has fully cured (4-6 weeks)

EPI necessário

goggles gloves lab_coat

Materiais

  • Vegetable oil (olive or coconut) (20 mL)
  • Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) (10 mL)
    6M solution
  • Ethanol (10 mL)
    To help mix oil and base
  • Sodium chloride (NaCl) (15 g)
    Saturated solution for salting out
  • Distilled water (100 mL)

Equipamentos

250 mL beaker Hot plate Glass stirring rod Cheesecloth or filter Mold (small cup)

Procedimento

1

Heat 20 mL of vegetable oil in the beaker to about 40°C on the hot plate.

3 min
2

Mix 10 mL of 6M NaOH with 10 mL ethanol in a separate container.

2 min NaOH is corrosive
3

Slowly add the NaOH/ethanol mixture to the warm oil while stirring continuously.

3 min Hot caustic mixture
4

Continue heating and stirring at 60-70°C for 20 minutes until the mixture becomes thick and opaque (trace).

20 min
5

Add 50 mL of saturated NaCl solution to salt out the soap. Stir and allow to cool.

10 min
6

Filter the solid soap through cheesecloth. Press out excess liquid.

5 min
7

Mold the soap into a shape and allow to dry for 24 hours.

3 min Do not use on skin until fully cured
8

Test a small piece by dissolving in warm water — it should produce lather.

3 min

Resultados esperados

A solid, white to cream-colored soap that lathers when dissolved in water. The soap may feel slightly slippery, indicating successful saponification. Full curing takes 4-6 weeks to neutralize any remaining NaOH.

Limpeza

Neutralize any remaining NaOH solution with vinegar before disposal. Rinse all glassware. Wipe down work surfaces.

Detalhes

Categoria
Organic Synthesis
Dificuldade
Intermediate (High School)
Duração
60 min
Custo estimado
$10,00
Passos
8
Materiais
5

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Frequently Asked Questions

What is the objective of Fabricação de Sabão por Saponificação?
Fabricar sabão pela saponificação de óleo vegetal com hidróxido de sódio, demonstrando a hidrólise das ligações éster nos triglicerídeos.
How difficult is Fabricação de Sabão por Saponificação?
This experiment is rated as Intermediate (High School). It takes approximately 60 minutes to complete.
What safety precautions are needed for Fabricação de Sabão por Saponificação?
Key safety precautions include: Concentrated NaOH is extremely corrosive; Wear nitrile gloves and goggles at all times; Hot oil and NaOH can cause severe burns.
What materials are needed for Fabricação de Sabão por Saponificação?
The main materials required are: Vegetable oil (olive or coconut), Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), Ethanol, Sodium chloride (NaCl), Distilled water.
What results should I expect from Fabricação de Sabão por Saponificação?
A solid, white to cream-colored soap that lathers when dissolved in water. The soap may feel slightly slippery, indicating successful saponification. Full curing takes 4-6 weeks to neutralize any remaining NaOH.