Formation of Ammonia (Haber Process)

N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3

Overview

The Haber-Bosch process combines nitrogen from the atmosphere with hydrogen gas to produce ammonia. This reversible reaction requires high temperatures (400-500 C) and pressures (150-300 atm) along with an iron catalyst. It is arguably the most important industrial chemical reaction ever developed.

Participants

Role Substance Coefficient State
Reactant Nitrogen N 1 (g)
Reactant Hydrogen H 3 (g)
Product Ammonia NH₃ 2 (g)

Everyday Example

Fertilizers that feed roughly half the world's population are produced from ammonia made by this process.

Industrial Importance

The Haber-Bosch process produces over 150 million tonnes of ammonia annually, essential for fertilizers, explosives, and numerous chemical syntheses. It consumes about 1-2% of global energy production.

Properties

Type
Synthesis
Reversible
Yes
Energy
Exothermic
ΔH
-92.4 kJ/mol
Ea
230.0 kJ/mol
Catalyst
Iron with potassium and aluminum oxide promoters

Energy Profile Diagram

Energy Reaction Progress ΔH -92.4 kJ Eₐ 230.0 kJ Reactants Products

Exothermic reaction — energy is released

Related Reactions

Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis (General) Formation of Aluminum Oxide Formation of Barium Oxide Formation of Barium Sulfate Formation of Beryllium Oxide Formation of Cadmium Oxide Formation of Calcium Carbonate from Oxides Formation of Calcium Hydroxide Formation of Calcium Oxide (Quicklime) Formation of Carbon Dioxide from Elements

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the equation for Formation of Ammonia (Haber Process)?
The balanced equation is: N₂ + 3H₂ → 2NH₃.
What type of reaction is Formation of Ammonia (Haber Process)?
Formation of Ammonia (Haber Process) is a synthesis reaction. It is reversible under certain conditions.
Is Formation of Ammonia (Haber Process) exothermic or endothermic?
Formation of Ammonia (Haber Process) is exothermic (releases energy). The enthalpy change (ΔH) is -92.4 kJ/mol.
What conditions are needed for Formation of Ammonia (Haber Process)?
This reaction requires a catalyst (Iron with potassium and aluminum oxide promoters) and activation energy of 230.0 kJ/mol.