रासायनिक यौगिक
500 यौगिक
Cadmium Oxide
CdOCadmium oxide is a brown-black semiconductor used in cadmium plating and NiCd batteries. It is highly toxic and a known …
Caffeine
C₈H₁₀N₄O₂Caffeine is the world's most widely consumed psychoactive substance. It is a purine alkaloid that blocks adenosine receptors, reducing drowsiness.
Alanine
C₃H₇NO₂Alanine is a non-essential amino acid that is one of the most abundant amino acids in proteins. It plays a …
Calcium Propionate
Ca(C₂H₅COO)₂Calcium propionate (E282) is the most common bread preservative, preventing mold growth while providing calcium. It is naturally present in …
Ammonium Chloride
NH₄ClAmmonium chloride is a white crystalline salt with many industrial and historical uses. It is used in fertilizers, soldering flux, …
Asparagine
C₄H₈N₂O₃Asparagine was the first amino acid to be isolated, discovered in asparagus juice in 1806. It plays a role in …
Barium Chloride
BaCl₂Barium chloride is a toxic white salt used as a reagent for sulfate testing and in the manufacture of pigments …
Dopamine
C₈H₁₁NO₂Dopamine is a catecholamine neurotransmitter that plays a central role in reward, motivation, and motor control. It is synthesized from …
Bromothymol Blue
C₂₇H₂₈Br₂O₅SBromothymol blue is a pH indicator that is yellow below pH 6.0 and blue above pH 7.6. It is widely …
Dimethyl Terephthalate
C₁₀H₁₀O₄DMT is one of the two main monomers used to produce PET plastic (the other being terephthalic acid). It is …
Calcium Hydroxide
Ca(OH)₂Calcium hydroxide (slaked lime) is produced by adding water to quicklime. It is used in construction, water treatment, and agriculture.
Calcium Sulfate
CaSO₄Calcium sulfate occurs naturally as gypsum (CaSO₄·2H₂O) and anhydrite. Plaster of Paris is its hemihydrate form.
Cerium(III) Chloride
CeCl₃Cerium(III) chloride is the most common cerium salt, used in organic synthesis as a Lewis acid catalyst (Luche reduction) and …
Copper(II) Sulfide
CuSCopper(II) sulfide, or covellite, is a dark blue-black mineral. It is an important copper ore and semiconductor material.
Fluorescein
C₂₀H₁₂O₅Fluorescein is a synthetic fluorescent dye that glows bright green under UV light. It is used in ophthalmology, water tracing, …
Aluminum Oxide
Al₂O₃Aluminum oxide (alumina) is an extremely hard ceramic material. Natural corundum, rubies, and sapphires are crystalline forms of Al₂O₃.
Copper(I) Oxide
Cu₂OCopper(I) oxide is a red powder used in antifouling paint for ship hulls and as a fungicide. It occurs naturally …
Fructose
C₆H₁₂O₆Fructose is the sweetest naturally occurring sugar, found abundantly in fruits and honey. It is metabolized primarily in the liver.
Alizarin
C₁₄H₈O₄Alizarin is a red dye historically obtained from madder root. The first commercial synthesis of alizarin in 1869 was a …
Ammonium Sulfate
(NH₄)₂SO₄Ammonium sulfate is one of the oldest and most widely used nitrogen fertilizers. It provides both nitrogen and sulfur to …
Ascorbic Acid
C₆H₈O₆Ascorbic acid, or Vitamin C, is an essential nutrient and powerful antioxidant. Humans cannot synthesize it and must obtain it …
Barium Ferrite
BaFe₁₂O₁₉Barium ferrite is the most widely produced permanent magnet material by volume, used in loudspeakers, motors, and magnetic recording media.
Barium Carbonate
BaCO₃Barium carbonate is a white powder used in the manufacture of specialty glass, ceramics, and rat poison. It occurs naturally …
Beryllium Oxide
BeOBeryllium oxide has a unique combination of high thermal conductivity and excellent electrical insulation. It conducts heat nearly as well …
Calcium Aluminate Cement
CaO·Al₂O₃Calcium aluminate cement (CAC) sets and hardens much faster than Portland cement and is resistant to high temperatures and chemical …
Calcium Citrate
Ca₃(C₆H₅O₇)₂Calcium citrate is a calcium supplement with better absorption on an empty stomach than calcium carbonate. It is also used …
Calcium Oxide
CaOCalcium oxide (quicklime) is a white caustic substance produced by heating limestone. It reacts exothermically with water to form slaked …
Calcium Phosphate
Ca₃(PO₄)₂Tricalcium phosphate is the main mineral component of bone and tooth enamel. Hydroxyapatite, its natural form, makes up about 70% …
Magnesium Hydroxide
Mg(OH)₂Magnesium hydroxide (milk of magnesia) is a weak base commonly used as an antacid and laxative.
Catechol
C₆H₆O₂Catechol is a dihydroxybenzene found in many natural polyphenols. It is used in photography, pharmaceutical synthesis, and as an antioxidant.
Cellulose
(C₆H₁₀O₅)ₙCellulose is the most abundant organic polymer on Earth, forming the structural component of plant cell walls. It is a …
Cholesterol
C₂₇H₄₆OCholesterol is an essential structural component of cell membranes and a precursor to steroid hormones, bile acids, and vitamin D.
Copper(II) Chloride
CuCl₂Copper(II) chloride is a yellow-brown solid that turns green when hydrated. It is used as a catalyst, wood preservative, and …
Copper(II) Sulfate
CuSO₄Copper(II) sulfate forms striking blue crystals (pentahydrate form). It is used in agriculture as a fungicide and in crystal growing …
Adenine
C₅H₅N₅Adenine is a purine nucleobase that pairs with thymine in DNA and uracil in RNA. It is one of the …
Adenosine Triphosphate
C₁₀H₁₆N₅O₁₃P₃ATP is the primary energy currency of all living cells. It stores and transfers chemical energy by the hydrolysis of …
Aluminum Nitride
AlNAluminum nitride has exceptionally high thermal conductivity for a ceramic, making it ideal for electronic substrates and heat sinks in …
Ammonium Persulfate
(NH₄)₂S₂O₈Ammonium persulfate is the most commonly used initiator for free radical polymerization in emulsion and solution polymerizations.
Aspirin
C₉H₈O₄Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) is one of the most widely used medications. It reduces pain, fever, and inflammation by inhibiting COX …
Beta-Carotene
C₄₀H₅₆Beta-carotene is the orange pigment in carrots and the most important provitamin A carotenoid. The body converts it to retinol …
Bisphenol A
C₁₅H₁₆O₂Bisphenol A is a chemical used to make polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. It has come under intense scrutiny as …
Boron Trioxide
B₂O₃Boron trioxide is a glassy solid that is one of the most important boron compounds. It is a key component …
Calcium Carbonate
CaCO₃Calcium carbonate is found in limestone, marble, chalk, and seashells. It is the most common calcium compound in nature.
Calcium Hydride
CaH₂Calcium hydride is a drying agent and hydrogen source. It reacts with water to produce hydrogen gas and calcium hydroxide.
Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide
C₂₇H₃₃N₉O₁₅P₂FAD is a redox-active coenzyme involved in many metabolic reactions, especially in the electron transport chain and citric acid cycle.
Citric Acid
C₆H₈O₇Citric acid is a weak organic acid found in citrus fruits. It is a key intermediate in the Krebs cycle …
Copper(II) Nitrate
Cu(NO₃)₂Copper(II) nitrate is a blue crystalline salt that is highly soluble in water. It is used in patina solutions for …
Acetamide
C₂H₅NOAcetamide is the simplest amide derived from acetic acid. It is used as a plasticizer, solvent, and industrial chemical intermediate.
Ammonium Nitrate
NH₄NO₃Ammonium nitrate is a salt used as a high-nitrogen fertilizer and as an oxidizer in explosives. It can detonate if …
Barium Sulfate
BaSO₄Barium sulfate is an extremely insoluble salt used as a radiocontrast agent for X-ray imaging and in oil well drilling.
Calcium Chloride
CaCl₂Calcium chloride is a hygroscopic salt that generates heat when dissolved in water. It is widely used for de-icing and …
Imidazole
C₃H₄N₂Imidazole is an aromatic heterocycle found in the amino acid histidine. Many antifungal drugs contain imidazole rings.
Copper(II) Oxide
CuOCopper(II) oxide is a black solid that occurs naturally as the mineral tenorite. It is used as a pigment, in …
Alpha-Ketoglutaric Acid
C₅H₆O₅Alpha-ketoglutarate is a key intermediate in the citric acid cycle and plays a central role in amino acid metabolism through …
Glutamic Acid
C₅H₉NO₄Glutamic acid is a non-essential amino acid that is the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Its sodium salt, …
Guanine
C₅H₅N₅OGuanine is a purine nucleobase that pairs with cytosine in both DNA and RNA through three hydrogen bonds. It was …
Arginine
C₆H₁₄N₄O₂Arginine is a conditionally essential amino acid that is a precursor to nitric oxide, a key signaling molecule for blood …
Aspartame
C₁₄H₁₈N₂O₅Aspartame is an artificial sweetener about 200 times sweeter than sugar. It is used in over 6,000 food products worldwide.
Iron(III) Sulfate
Fe₂(SO₄)₃Iron(III) sulfate is a yellow-brown salt used in water treatment as a coagulant and in etching printed circuit boards.
Xenon Difluoride
XeF₂Xenon difluoride was one of the first noble gas compounds discovered, shattering the belief that noble gases could not form …
Lycopene
C₄₀H₅₆Lycopene is the red pigment in tomatoes and watermelons. It is one of the most potent antioxidant carotenoids and may …
Magnesium Silicate
Mg₃Si₄O₁₀(OH)₂Talc (hydrous magnesium silicate) is the softest known mineral, rated 1 on the Mohs hardness scale. Its layered crystal structure …
Methionine
C₅H₁₁NO₂SMethionine is an essential sulfur-containing amino acid that serves as the initiator of protein synthesis in all eukaryotic cells.
Isoleucine
C₆H₁₃NO₂Isoleucine is a branched-chain essential amino acid crucial for hemoglobin synthesis and blood sugar regulation.
Kaolinite
Al₂Si₂O₅(OH)₄Kaolinite is a clay mineral used in paper coating, ceramics, and medicine. Kaolin clay gives porcelain its white color and …
Molybdenum Trioxide
MoO₃Molybdenum trioxide is the primary industrial source of molybdenum. It is used as a catalyst, pigment, and precursor for molybdenum …
Magnesium Sulfate
MgSO₄Magnesium sulfate is commonly known as Epsom salt (in its hydrated form MgSO₄·7H₂O). It is used in bath salts and …
Malic Acid
C₄H₆O₅Malic acid is responsible for the sour taste of green apples. Its name derives from Latin 'malum' (apple) and it …
Melatonin
C₁₃H₁₆N₂O₂Melatonin is a hormone produced by the pineal gland in response to darkness that regulates the circadian rhythm (sleep-wake cycle). …
Nickel(II) Sulfate
NiSO₄Nickel(II) sulfate is the most important nickel salt commercially, primarily used in electroplating and nickel-cadmium battery production.
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
C₂₁H₂₇N₇O₁₄P₂NAD+ is a coenzyme central to metabolism, found in every living cell. It carries electrons in redox reactions and is …
Glyphosate
C₃H₈NO₅PGlyphosate is the most widely used herbicide in the world, sold as Roundup. It kills plants by inhibiting an enzyme …
Hydroxylamine
NH₃OHydroxylamine is a reducing agent and nucleophile used in organic synthesis to produce oximes, hydroxamic acids, and various pharmaceuticals.
Magnesium Oxide
MgOMagnesium oxide is a white hygroscopic solid with an extremely high melting point. It is used as an antacid and …
Manganese Dioxide
MnO₂Manganese dioxide is a black mineral that occurs naturally as pyrolusite. It is the primary cathode material in alkaline and …
Nylon-6,6
(C₁₂H₂₂N₂O₂)ₙNylon-6,6 was the first commercially successful synthetic polymer, developed by Wallace Carothers at DuPont in 1935. It revolutionized the textile …
Sodium Nitrate
NaNO₃Sodium nitrate (Chile saltpeter) is a naturally occurring mineral used in fertilizers, food preservation, and historically in explosives.
Sodium Periodate
NaIO₄Sodium periodate is a selective oxidizing agent that cleaves carbon-carbon bonds between vicinal diols. It is indispensable in carbohydrate chemistry.
Phenol
C₆H₅OHPhenol (carbolic acid) was the first surgical antiseptic used by Joseph Lister in 1865. It is now used primarily in …
Polyethylene
(C₂H₄)ₙPolyethylene is the most widely produced plastic in the world, with annual production exceeding 100 million tonnes. It comes in …
Sodium Polyacrylate
(C₃H₃NaO₂)ₙSodium polyacrylate is a superabsorbent polymer that can absorb 300-800 times its weight in water. It is the key material …
Potassium Aluminum Sulfate
KAl(SO₄)₂Potash alum is a double salt used in water purification, pickling, and as an astringent. It has been used since …
Sodium Tetraborate
Na₂B₄O₇Borax is a natural boron mineral used in cleaning products, glass making, and as a flux. It has been mined …
Sodium Tungstate
Na₂WO₄Sodium tungstate is used as a fireproofing agent for fabrics and as a reagent in analytical chemistry. It also serves …
Potassium Bitartrate
KHC₄H₄O₆Potassium bitartrate, known as cream of tartar, is a byproduct of winemaking that crystallizes in wine barrels. It is the …
Pyridoxine
C₈H₁₁NO₃Pyridoxine, or Vitamin B6, is involved in over 100 enzyme reactions in amino acid metabolism. It is one of the …
Riboflavin
C₁₇H₂₀N₄O₆Riboflavin (vitamin B2) is an essential water-soluble vitamin that functions as a component of the coenzymes FAD and FMN. These …
Salicylic Acid
C₇H₆O₃Salicylic acid is derived from willow bark and is the precursor to aspirin. It is widely used in skincare products …
Monosodium Citrate
C₆H₇NaO₇Monosodium citrate is a food additive used as an acidity regulator and sequestrant. It is commonly used in beverages and …
Monosodium Phosphate
NaH₂PO₄Monosodium phosphate is a food additive used as an emulsifier, leavening acid, and buffering agent. It is also used in …
Morphine
C₁₇H₁₉NO₃Morphine is the prototypical opioid analgesic, isolated from opium in 1804. It remains the gold standard against which all painkillers …
Periodic Acid
HIO₄Periodic acid is a powerful and selective oxidizer that cleaves 1,2-diols. It is essential in carbohydrate chemistry for structural analysis.
Polycarbonate
(C₁₆H₁₄O₃)ₙPolycarbonate is an extremely tough, transparent thermoplastic. It is virtually unbreakable under normal conditions, with impact resistance 250 times that …
Polyethylene Terephthalate
(C₁₀H₈O₄)ₙPET is one of the most recycled plastics worldwide. It is clear, strong, and lightweight, making it ideal for beverage …
Polytetrafluoroethylene
(C₂F₄)ₙPTFE, marketed as Teflon, has the lowest coefficient of friction of any known solid. The strong C-F bonds make it …
Potassium Cyanide
KCNPotassium cyanide is an extremely toxic salt that has been used in gold mining, electroplating, and organic synthesis. It is …
Potassium Feldspar
KAlSi₃O₈Potassium feldspar (orthoclase) is the most common mineral in Earth's crust. It is essential in ceramic and glass manufacture.
Potassium Hydroxide
KOHPotassium hydroxide (caustic potash) is a strong base used in liquid soaps, biodiesel production, and alkaline batteries.
Potassium Phosphate Dibasic
K₂HPO₄Dipotassium phosphate is a highly soluble salt used as a fertilizer, food additive, and buffer in biological research.
Purine
C₅H₄N₄Purine is the parent compound of adenine and guanine, two of the five nucleobases in DNA and RNA. Purines are …
RDX
C₃H₆N₆O₆RDX is a powerful military explosive more potent than TNT. It is a key component of C-4 plastic explosive and …
Naphthalene
C₁₀H₈Naphthalene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with a characteristic mothball odor. It consists of two fused benzene rings.
Polyacrylonitrile
(C₃H₃N)ₙPolyacrylonitrile (PAN) is the primary precursor for carbon fiber production, accounting for about 90% of all carbon fiber made.
Potassium Chloride
KClPotassium chloride is a salt used as a fertilizer and salt substitute. It is the most common potassium compound in …
Potassium Dichromate
K₂Cr₂O₇Potassium dichromate is a bright orange crystalline oxidizing agent used in analytical chemistry and industrial processes.
Potassium Sulfate
K₂SO₄Potassium sulfate is a premium potassium fertilizer preferred for chloride-sensitive crops like tobacco, grapes, and citrus.
Tin(IV) Oxide
SnO₂Tin(IV) oxide is the most important tin ore (cassiterite) and has been mined since the Bronze Age. It is a …
Titanium Nitride
TiNTitanium nitride is an extremely hard gold-colored ceramic coating used on cutting tools, medical implants, and decorative applications.
Vanadium Pentoxide
V₂O₅Vanadium pentoxide is a yellow to red crystalline solid that is the most important commercial vanadium compound. It is the …
Sodium Azide
NaN₃Sodium azide is a white crystalline salt that decomposes rapidly when heated, producing nitrogen gas. This property makes it the …
Yttrium Oxide
Y₂O₃Yttrium oxide is a white powder used in YAG lasers, phosphors for TVs, and as a stabilizer for zirconia ceramics.
Sodium Dichromate
Na₂Cr₂O₇Sodium dichromate is an important industrial chemical used primarily in the production of chromium compounds and in metal finishing. It …
Sodium Hydride
NaHSodium hydride is a powerful base and reducing agent used extensively in organic synthesis. It reacts vigorously with water, releasing …
Sodium Metabisulfite
Na₂S₂O₅Sodium metabisulfite is a powerful reducing agent and preservative used in wine making, food preservation, and water treatment.
Sodium Stearate
C₁₈H₃₅NaO₂Sodium stearate is the most common soap, formed by the saponification of fats with sodium hydroxide. It has a hydrophilic …
Sodium Sulfite
Na₂SO₃Sodium sulfite is a white solid used as a food preservative and antioxidant. It is the most common sulfiting agent …
Strontium Oxide
SrOStrontium oxide is a strong base that reacts with water to form strontium hydroxide. It is used in CRT glass …
Talc
Mg₃Si₄O₁₀(OH)₂Talc is the softest known mineral (Mohs hardness 1) and the primary ingredient in talcum powder. It is used in …
Tantalum Pentoxide
Ta₂O₅Tantalum pentoxide is a high-dielectric material used in electronic capacitors and as an anti-reflective coating for camera lenses. It is …
Tartaric Acid
C₄H₆O₆Tartaric acid occurs naturally in grapes and is a key component of wine. It is used in food as an …
Theophylline
C₇H₈N₄O₂Theophylline is a methylxanthine found in tea and used to treat asthma by relaxing bronchial smooth muscle. It is chemically …
Thymine
C₅H₆N₂O₂Thymine is a pyrimidine nucleobase found exclusively in DNA, where it pairs with adenine through two hydrogen bonds. It is …
Zinc Sulfate
ZnSO₄Zinc sulfate is used as a dietary supplement, in agriculture as a fertilizer, and in the production of rayon fiber.
Sodium Carbonate
Na₂CO₃Sodium carbonate (washing soda/soda ash) is a water-soluble salt used in glass making and as a water softener.
Sodium Erythorbate
C₆H₇NaO₆Sodium erythorbate (E316) is the sodium salt of erythorbic acid, used as an antioxidant in processed meats to accelerate curing …
Sorbitol
C₆H₁₄O₆Sorbitol is a sugar alcohol found naturally in many fruits. It is used as a low-calorie sweetener, humectant, and pharmaceutical …
Valine
C₅H₁₁NO₂Valine is a branched-chain essential amino acid named after the plant valerian. It is important for muscle metabolism and tissue …
Sodium Bicarbonate
NaHCO₃Sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) is a mild base used in cooking, cleaning, and medicine. It decomposes above 50°C releasing CO₂.
Sodium Cyanide
NaCNSodium cyanide is the primary reagent for gold extraction in mining, consuming about 90% of global cyanide production.
Vanadium(IV) Oxide Sulfate
VOSO₄Vanadyl sulfate is a blue vanadium compound used in redox flow batteries and studied as a potential anti-diabetic agent mimicking …
Sodium Silicate
Na₂SiO₃Sodium silicate (water glass) is an inorganic compound used as an adhesive, sealant, and fire retardant. Its solution is alkaline …
Sodium Sulfate
Na₂SO₄Sodium sulfate (Glauber's salt in hydrated form) is used in detergent manufacturing and the kraft process for paper pulping.
Sucrose
C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁Sucrose (table sugar) is a disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose. It is extracted from sugar cane and sugar beets.
Serine
C₃H₇NO₃Serine is a non-essential amino acid important for phospholipid synthesis and protein phosphorylation. Its name derives from the Latin word …
Sodium Thiosulfate
Na₂S₂O₃Sodium thiosulfate (hypo) was essential in analog photography as a photographic fixer. It also neutralizes chlorine in water.
Tin(II) Chloride
SnCl₂Tin(II) chloride, or stannous chloride, is a strong reducing agent used in tin plating, as a mordant in dyeing, and …
Potassium Chromate
K₂CrO₄Potassium chromate is a bright yellow salt used as an indicator in argentometric titrations and as a corrosion inhibitor.
Silicon Dioxide
SiO₂Silicon dioxide (silica) is the most abundant mineral in Earth's crust. Quartz, sand, and glass are all forms of SiO₂.
Rhodium(III) Chloride
RhCl₃Rhodium(III) chloride is the most common rhodium compound, used as a catalyst precursor. Rhodium is essential in automotive catalytic converters.
Superphosphate
Ca(H₂PO₄)₂Single superphosphate was the first commercial fertilizer, produced since the 1840s. It provides both phosphorus and calcium to crops.
Polystyrene
(C₈H₈)ₙPolystyrene is a versatile plastic that can be rigid or foamed. Expanded polystyrene (Styrofoam) is 95-98% air, giving it excellent …
Starch
(C₆H₁₀O₅)ₙStarch is a polysaccharide that plants use to store energy. It consists of two polymers: amylose (linear) and amylopectin (branched). …
Tungsten Trioxide
WO₃Tungsten trioxide is a yellow powder that is the primary intermediate in tungsten metal production. It is reduced with hydrogen …
Tryptophan
C₁₁H₁₂N₂O₂Tryptophan is an essential amino acid that the body cannot synthesize. It is the biosynthetic precursor to serotonin (the 'happy …
Uracil
C₄H₄N₂O₂Uracil is a pyrimidine nucleobase found in RNA but not DNA. It pairs with adenine through two hydrogen bonds. In …
Sodium Aluminate
NaAlO₂Sodium aluminate is an important intermediate in the Bayer process for producing alumina from bauxite ore. It is formed when …
Sodium Lauryl Sulfate
C₁₂H₂₅NaO₄SSodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) is one of the most widely used anionic surfactants. It creates the foamy lather in toothpaste, …
Trinitrotoluene
C₇H₅N₃O₆TNT is a yellow solid explosive that is one of the most commonly used military and commercial explosives. Despite being …
Sodium Stannate
Na₂SnO₃Sodium stannate is the sodium salt of stannic acid, used as an alkaline tin plating electrolyte and as a flame …
Zinc Chloride
ZnCl₂Zinc chloride is one of the most soluble salts known. It is a powerful Lewis acid used in organic synthesis …
Zirconium Dioxide
ZrO₂Zirconium dioxide is a white crystalline oxide with the highest melting point of any metal oxide. In its cubic form …
Penicillin G
C₁₆H₁₈N₂O₄SPenicillin G was the first antibiotic discovered, by Alexander Fleming in 1928 from the mold Penicillium notatum. It works by …
Phosphorus Pentoxide
P₄O₁₀Phosphorus pentoxide is the most powerful desiccant (drying agent) known. It is so hygroscopic that it reacts violently with water, …
Phthalic Anhydride
C₈H₄O₃Phthalic anhydride is one of the most important industrial organic chemicals, used to make plasticizers, alkyd resins, and dyes.
Potassium Ferrocyanide
K₄[Fe(CN)₆]Potassium ferrocyanide is a yellow salt commonly used as an anti-caking agent in table salt (E536). It is much less …
Retinol
C₂₀H₃₀ORetinol (vitamin A) is a fat-soluble vitamin essential for vision, immune function, and cell growth. It is the immediate precursor …
Potassium Thiocyanate
KSCNPotassium thiocyanate is a colorless salt used as a reagent to detect iron(III) ions, producing a characteristic blood-red color.
Sodium Percarbonate
2Na₂CO₃·3H₂O₂Sodium percarbonate is an eco-friendly bleaching agent that releases hydrogen peroxide when dissolved. It is the active ingredient in OxiClean.
Sodium Fluoride
NaFSodium fluoride is the fluoride compound most commonly added to water supplies and toothpaste for dental cavity prevention.
tert-Butanol
C₄H₁₀Otert-Butanol is unique among butanol isomers as it is a solid near room temperature. It is used as a solvent …
PETN
C₅H₈N₄O₁₂PETN is one of the most powerful commonly available explosives and the active component of detonating cord. It is also …
Proline
C₅H₉NO₂Proline is unique among the standard amino acids as it has a cyclic side chain bonded to both the nitrogen …
Sodium Borohydride
NaBH₄Sodium borohydride is a milder and safer reducing agent than LiAlH4. It selectively reduces aldehydes and ketones while leaving esters …
Phenylacetic Acid
C₈H₈O₂Phenylacetic acid is an organic acid with a honey-like odor that is a precursor to penicillin G. It is a …
Sodium Chromate
Na₂CrO₄Sodium chromate is a bright yellow salt and powerful oxidizer used in corrosion inhibition, leather tanning, and as a chromium …
Tyrosine
C₉H₁₁NO₃Tyrosine is a non-essential amino acid and precursor to dopamine, adrenaline, noradrenaline, and melanin. Its name comes from the Greek …
Diammonium Phosphate
(NH₄)₂HPO₄Diammonium phosphate (DAP) is the most widely used phosphorus fertilizer in the world. It provides both nitrogen and phosphorus essential …
EDTA
C₁₀H₁₆N₂O₈EDTA is a powerful chelating agent that binds metal ions. It is used in medicine to treat heavy metal poisoning …
Ethylene Carbonate
C₃H₄O₃Ethylene carbonate is a cyclic carbonate used as a solvent in lithium-ion battery electrolytes. It has a high dielectric constant …
Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide
LiNi₀.₃₃Mn₀.₃₃Co₀.₃₃O₂NMC is the most widely used cathode chemistry in electric vehicle batteries. Different Ni:Mn:Co ratios trade off energy density against …
Ammonium Bicarbonate
NH₄HCO₃Ammonium bicarbonate is a leavening agent that decomposes completely to gases when heated, leaving no residue. It is used in …
Gallium(III) Oxide
Ga₂O₃Gallium(III) oxide is an emerging ultra-wide bandgap semiconductor that could surpass silicon carbide and gallium nitride in power electronics applications.
Glutamine
C₅H₁₀N₂O₃Glutamine is the most abundant free amino acid in human blood and muscle tissue. It is conditionally essential during stress, …
Camphor
C₁₀H₁₆OCamphor is a waxy terpene with a strong aromatic odor, obtained from the camphor laurel tree. It has been used …
Iron(II) Sulfate
FeSO₄Iron(II) sulfate (ferrous sulfate) is used as an iron supplement and in water treatment. Its green vitriol form has been …
Folic Acid
C₁₉H₁₉N₇O₆Folic acid (Vitamin B9) is essential for DNA synthesis and cell division. Mandatory food fortification has dramatically reduced neural tube …
Kevlar
(C₁₄H₁₀N₂O₂)ₙKevlar is an aramid fiber five times stronger than steel by weight. Invented by Stephanie Kwolek in 1965, it is …
Lactose
C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁Lactose is the primary sugar in milk, composed of glucose and galactose. About 65% of the global population has reduced …
Lithium Aluminum Hydride
LiAlH₄LiAlH4 (LAH) is one of the most powerful reducing agents in organic chemistry. It reduces esters, carboxylic acids, and amides …
Mannitol
C₆H₁₄O₆Mannitol is a sugar alcohol used medically to reduce intracranial and intraocular pressure. It occurs naturally in seaweed, mushrooms, and …
Lithium Carbonate
Li₂CO₃Lithium carbonate is the most important lithium compound commercially. It is used to treat bipolar disorder and in lithium-ion battery …
Magnesium Chloride
MgCl₂Magnesium chloride is the primary source of magnesium metal via electrolysis. It is also used as a road de-icer, tofu …
Iron(II,III) Oxide
Fe₃O₄Magnetite (Fe₃O₄) is the most magnetic naturally occurring mineral on Earth. It is the oldest known magnetic material and was …
Iron(II) Sulfide
FeSIron(II) sulfide occurs naturally as troilite and pyrrhotite. It is used to generate hydrogen sulfide in laboratory settings and in …
Maltose
C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁Maltose, or malt sugar, is a disaccharide formed from two glucose units. It is produced during the germination of grains, …
Omeprazole
C₁₇H₁₉N₃O₃SOmeprazole was the first proton pump inhibitor (PPI) and revolutionized the treatment of acid reflux and stomach ulcers. It reduces …
Phthalic Acid
C₈H₆O₄Phthalic acid is an aromatic dicarboxylic acid primarily used to make phthalate plasticizers and polyester resins. Its anhydride is a …
Samarium Cobalt
SmCo₅Samarium cobalt magnets were the first rare earth permanent magnets developed. They retain their magnetism at higher temperatures than neodymium …
Plutonium Dioxide
PuO₂Plutonium dioxide is used in mixed oxide (MOX) nuclear fuel and in radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) that power deep space …
Potassium Iodate
KIO₃Potassium iodate is used for iodization of salt in many developing countries because it is more stable than potassium iodide …
Naproxen
C₁₄H₁₄O₃Naproxen is an NSAID with a longer duration of action than ibuprofen, allowing twice-daily dosing. It was prescription-only until 1994 …
Niobium Pentoxide
Nb₂O₅Niobium pentoxide is used in high-refractive-index optical coatings, capacitors, and as a catalyst. Niobium is considered a critical raw material.
Potassium Iodide
KIPotassium iodide is a salt used to protect the thyroid gland from radiation and to treat iodine deficiency. It is …
Potassium Persulfate
K₂S₂O₈Potassium persulfate is a powerful oxidizer used to initiate free radical polymerization and as a PCB etchant. It decomposes to …
Tin(II) Oxide
SnOTin(II) oxide is a blue-black solid used in tin plating and as a reducing agent. It is an amphoteric oxide …
Uric Acid
C₅H₄N₄O₃Uric acid is the end product of purine metabolism in humans. High blood levels cause gout — painful crystal deposits …
Lithium Hydroxide
LiOHLithium hydroxide is a strong base used in spacecraft and submarines to scrub CO₂ from air. It absorbs CO₂ more …
Theobromine
C₇H₈N₄O₂Theobromine is the primary alkaloid in cocoa and chocolate. It is the reason chocolate is toxic to dogs, who metabolize …
Glucose
C₆H₁₂O₆Glucose is the primary energy source for cells in all living organisms. It is a monosaccharide (simple sugar) and the …
Magnesium Carbonate
MgCO₃Magnesium carbonate occurs naturally as the mineral magnesite. It is used as a drying agent, antacid, and in athletic chalk …
Lead(II) Sulfide
PbSLead(II) sulfide, or galena, is the most important ore of lead and was one of the first semiconductors discovered. Ancient …
Monosodium Glutamate
C₅H₈NNaO₄MSG is the sodium salt of glutamic acid, widely used as a flavor enhancer that imparts umami taste. It was …
Maleic Anhydride
C₄H₂O₃Maleic anhydride is a key industrial chemical used to make unsaturated polyester resins, coatings, and agricultural chemicals.
Potassium Sorbate
C₆H₇KO₂Potassium sorbate (E202) is a widely used food preservative effective against molds and yeasts. It is considered one of the …
Saccharin
C₇H₅NO₃SSaccharin was the first artificial sweetener, discovered in 1879. It is about 300-400 times sweeter than sugar with a slightly …
Sodium Hexafluorophosphate
NaPF₆NaPF₆ is being researched as an electrolyte salt for sodium-ion batteries, a cheaper alternative to lithium-ion batteries using abundant sodium.
Glycolic Acid
C₂H₄O₃Glycolic acid is the smallest alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA), widely used in skincare for chemical peeling. It has the best skin …
Palladium(II) Chloride
PdCl₂Palladium(II) chloride is a key starting material for palladium catalysts used in cross-coupling reactions that won the 2010 Nobel Prize …
Sodium Alginate
(C₆H₇NaO₆)ₙSodium alginate is a natural polysaccharide from brown seaweed used as a thickener, gelling agent, and in molecular gastronomy for …
Phenylalanine
C₉H₁₁NO₂Phenylalanine is an essential aromatic amino acid and a precursor to tyrosine, dopamine, and adrenaline. People with phenylketonuria (PKU) cannot …
Potassium Hydrogen Tartrate
KHC₄H₄O₆Cream of tartar is a byproduct of winemaking that crystallizes inside wine barrels. It is used in baking as a …
Potassium Carbonate
K₂CO₃Potassium carbonate, or potash, is historically one of the most important industrial chemicals. It is used in glass making, soap …
Oxalic Acid
C₂H₂O₄Oxalic acid is the simplest dicarboxylic acid, found naturally in many plants including rhubarb and spinach. It is used as …
Platinum(IV) Chloride
PtCl₄Platinum(IV) chloride is a reddish-brown salt used as a catalyst precursor. Platinum catalysts are essential in automotive catalytic converters and …
Urea
CO(NH₂)₂Urea is the main nitrogen-containing waste product of protein metabolism in mammals. It was the first organic compound synthesized from …
Sodium Acetate
CH₃COONaSodium acetate is the sodium salt of acetic acid, used in food preservation, heating pads, and as a buffer. Supersaturated …
Sodium Hydroxide
NaOHSodium hydroxide (lye/caustic soda) is a strong base widely used in industry. It is highly caustic and can dissolve organic …
Stearic Acid
C₁₈H₃₆O₂Stearic acid is one of the most common saturated fatty acids found in animal and vegetable fats. It is widely …
Titanium Dioxide
TiO₂Titanium dioxide is the most widely used white pigment due to its brightness and high refractive index. It is used …
Vanadium(V) Oxide
V₂O₅Vanadium pentoxide is the most important industrial vanadium compound, primarily used as a catalyst for sulfuric acid production by the …
Sodium Borosilicate Glass
Na₂O·B₂O₃·SiO₂Borosilicate glass (Pyrex) has excellent thermal shock resistance and chemical durability. It is used in laboratory glassware, cookware, and telescope …
Sodium Peroxide
Na₂O₂Sodium peroxide is a powerful oxidizer that reacts vigorously with water to produce NaOH and oxygen. It was used in …
Zeolite A
Na₁₂Al₁₂Si₁₂O₄₈Zeolite A is a synthetic aluminosilicate with precisely sized pores (4 angstrom) that act as a molecular sieve. It replaced …
Diazepam
C₁₆H₁₃ClN₂ODiazepam (Valium) is one of the most prescribed benzodiazepines, used for anxiety, seizures, and muscle spasms. It was the world's …
Sodium Dodecylbenzenesulfonate
C₁₈H₂₉NaO₃SSodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS) is the most widely used anionic surfactant in household detergents. It replaced soap for most cleaning applications.
Ferrocene
Fe(C₅H₅)₂Ferrocene was the first sandwich compound discovered, with an iron atom sandwiched between two cyclopentadienyl rings. Its discovery revolutionized organometallic …
Gallium Arsenide
GaAsGallium arsenide is a semiconductor with superior electron mobility compared to silicon. It is used in solar cells, LEDs, laser …
Histidine
C₆H₉N₃O₂Histidine is a conditionally essential amino acid containing an imidazole side chain. It is the precursor to histamine and plays …
Indium Tin Oxide
In₂O₃·SnO₂Indium tin oxide (ITO) is a transparent conducting oxide used in virtually all touchscreens, LCD displays, and OLED panels. It …
Zinc Oxide
ZnOZinc oxide is a white powder used in sunscreens, rubber, ceramics, and electronics. It is one of the most versatile …
Lithium Iron Phosphate
LiFePO₄LFP is a cathode material for lithium-ion batteries offering excellent safety, cycle life, and cost compared to cobalt-based cathodes. It …
Lysine
C₆H₁₄N₂O₂Lysine is an essential amino acid critical for collagen formation, calcium absorption, and immune function. It is the most limiting …
Melamine
C₃H₆N₆Melamine is used to produce melamine resin (used in laminates like Formica) and melamine foam (Magic Eraser). It gained infamy …
Germanium Dioxide
GeO₂Germanium dioxide is the most important germanium compound commercially, used in fiber optics, infrared optics, and as a polymerization catalyst …
Ibuprofen
C₁₃H₁₈O₂Ibuprofen is one of the world's most widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Discovered in the 1960s, it is now …
Maleic Acid
C₄H₄O₄Maleic acid is the cis isomer of butenedioic acid and a key industrial chemical. Its anhydride is one of the …
Lead Zirconate Titanate
Pb(Zr,Ti)O₃PZT is the most widely used piezoelectric ceramic material, found in sensors, actuators, and ultrasound transducers. It converts mechanical stress …
Lithium Fluoride
LiFLithium fluoride is a white crystalline salt notable for its extremely low solubility compared to other alkali metal halides. It …
Polylactic Acid
(C₃H₄O₂)ₙPLA is a biodegradable polymer made from corn starch or sugarcane. It is the most widely used bioplastic, found in …
Mercury(II) Sulfide
HgSMercury(II) sulfide occurs naturally as cinnabar, a brilliant red mineral used as a pigment since ancient times. It was the …
Nickel(II) Oxide
NiONickel(II) oxide is a green-black crystalline solid used in ceramics, nickel alloy production, and as a catalyst. It exhibits interesting …
Polyhydroxybutyrate
(C₄H₆O₂)ₙPHB is a biodegradable polyester produced naturally by bacteria as an energy storage material. It is being developed as an …
Threonine
C₄H₉NO₃Threonine is an essential amino acid important for immune function, gut health, and collagen production. It was the last of …
Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin
(C₇H₆O₂)ₙBakelite, the first fully synthetic plastic, is a phenol-formaldehyde resin invented in 1907. It launched the Age of Plastics and …
Potassium Titanyl Phosphate
KTiOPO₄KTP is a nonlinear optical crystal used to frequency-double Nd:YAG lasers, producing green 532 nm light. It is the crystal …
Sodium Tripolyphosphate
Na₅P₃O₁₀STPP is the most commonly used detergent builder, softening water by sequestering calcium and magnesium ions. It is restricted in …
Sodium Phosphate Tribasic
Na₃PO₄Trisodium phosphate (TSP) is a powerful cleaning agent and degreaser. It was once common in household detergents before environmental regulations …
Thymol
C₁₀H₁₄OThymol is a natural monoterpene phenol found in thyme oil. It has been used as an antiseptic since ancient Egyptian …
Uranium Dioxide
UO₂Uranium dioxide is the standard nuclear fuel used in most commercial nuclear reactors. It has a remarkably high melting point …
Succinic Acid
C₄H₆O₄Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid that plays a key role in the citric acid cycle. It is increasingly produced …
Tungsten Carbide
WCTungsten carbide is one of the hardest known materials, nearly as hard as diamond. It is the primary material for …
Vanillin
C₈H₈O₃Vanillin is the primary flavor compound in vanilla and the world's most popular flavoring agent. Over 85% of commercial vanillin …
Xylitol
C₅H₁₂O₅Xylitol is a sugar alcohol with a sweetness similar to sucrose but 40% fewer calories. It is widely used in …
Zinc Sulfide
ZnSZinc sulfide is a luminescent material that forms the basis of many phosphorescent and fluorescent products. It occurs naturally as …
Neodymium(III) Oxide
Nd₂O₃Neodymium oxide is the precursor for neodymium metal used in the strongest permanent magnets. These NdFeB magnets are in every …
Nomex
(C₁₄H₁₀N₂O₂)ₙNomex is a heat-resistant aramid fiber used in firefighter gear, race car driver suits, and electrical insulation. It does not …
Stevioside
C₃₈H₆₀O₁₈Stevioside is a natural sweetener extracted from the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana, about 250-300 times sweeter than sugar. It has …
Potassium Ferricyanide
K₃[Fe(CN)₆]Potassium ferricyanide is a bright red salt used in blueprint photography, electroplating, and as a mild oxidizing agent. Despite containing …
Yttrium Barium Copper Oxide
YBa₂Cu₃O₇YBCO was the first material discovered to superconduct above the boiling point of liquid nitrogen (77 K). Its discovery in …
Bismuth(III) Oxide
Bi₂O₃Bismuth(III) oxide is a bright yellow powder used in ceramics, glass, and as a precursor to other bismuth compounds. It …
Chitosan
(C₆H₁₁NO₄)ₙChitosan is derived from chitin in crustacean shells and is the second most abundant natural polysaccharide after cellulose. It has …
Sodium Benzoate
C₇H₅NaO₂Sodium benzoate (E211) is the most widely used food preservative globally, found in soft drinks, condiments, and cosmetics. It inhibits …
Chromium Trioxide
CrO₃Chromium trioxide is a powerful oxidizer and the source of hexavalent chromium in chrome plating baths. It is the most …
Cisplatin
Pt(NH₃)₂Cl₂Cisplatin is one of the most effective anticancer drugs, used to treat testicular, ovarian, bladder, and many other cancers. It …
Barium Titanate
BaTiO₃Barium titanate was the first piezoelectric ceramic discovered and is used in capacitors, sensors, and transducers. It has an exceptionally …
Calcium Tungstate
CaWO₄Calcium tungstate (scheelite) is the primary ore mineral for tungsten and fluoresces bright blue-white under UV light. It was used …
Chromium(III) Oxide
Cr₂O₃Chromium(III) oxide is a stable green pigment known as chrome green. It is one of the most durable inorganic pigments …
Coenzyme A
C₂₁H₃₆N₇O₁₆P₃SCoenzyme A (CoA) is a coenzyme essential for synthesis and oxidation of fatty acids, and the citric acid cycle. Acetyl-CoA …
Boron Nitride
BNBoron nitride exists in hexagonal (soft, lubricant) and cubic (ultra-hard) forms, analogous to graphite and diamond. Cubic BN is the …
Acrylamide
C₃H₅NOAcrylamide is a key monomer for polyacrylamide, used in water treatment and gel electrophoresis. It also forms in starchy foods …
Adipic Acid
C₆H₁₀O₄Adipic acid is the most commercially important dicarboxylic acid. It is a key monomer for nylon-6,6 production, combined with hexamethylenediamine. …
Aluminum Chloride
AlCl₃Aluminum chloride is a powerful Lewis acid catalyst essential for Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation reactions in organic synthesis.
Aluminum Hydroxide
Al(OH)₃Aluminum hydroxide is an amphoteric substance used as an antacid and fire retardant. It can act as both an acid …
Amoxicillin
C₁₆H₁₉N₃O₅SAmoxicillin is the most commonly prescribed antibiotic worldwide. It is a penicillin derivative with a broader spectrum of activity than …
Aniline Black
C₆H₇NPolyaniline is a conducting polymer discovered in 1862 that changes color with pH and oxidation state. It is one of …
Antimony Trioxide
Sb₂O₃Antimony trioxide is the most important commercial antimony compound, primarily used as a flame retardant synergist with halogenated compounds.
Aspartic Acid
C₄H₇NO₄Aspartic acid is a non-essential amino acid that plays a key role in the urea cycle and nucleotide synthesis. It …
Atorvastatin
C₃₃H₃₅FN₂O₅Atorvastatin (Lipitor) was the best-selling pharmaceutical in history, generating over $125 billion in revenue. It lowers cholesterol by inhibiting HMG-CoA …
Atrazine
C₈H₁₄ClN₅Atrazine is the second most widely used herbicide in the US, primarily on corn. It is banned in the EU …
Barium Hydroxide
Ba(OH)₂Barium hydroxide is a strong base used in analytical chemistry and organic synthesis. Its reaction with ammonium salts is famously …
Barium Oxide
BaOBarium oxide is a white solid that reacts exothermically with water. It was historically used as a drying agent and …
Benzoic Acid
C₇H₆O₂Benzoic acid is the simplest aromatic carboxylic acid. Its sodium salt is one of the most common food preservatives worldwide.
Biotin
C₁₀H₁₆N₂O₃SBiotin, or Vitamin B7, is a cofactor for carboxylase enzymes. It is widely marketed as a supplement for hair and …
Boric Acid
H₃BO₃Boric acid is a weak, monobasic Lewis acid of boron. It is used as an antiseptic, insecticide, and flame retardant, …
Cadmium Sulfide
CdSCadmium sulfide is a bright yellow pigment (cadmium yellow) used in artist paints and a semiconductor used in solar cells …
Calcium Acetate
Ca(C₂H₃O₂)₂Calcium acetate is a calcium salt of acetic acid used medicinally as a phosphate binder for patients with kidney disease. …
Calcium Carbide
CaC₂Calcium carbide reacts with water to produce acetylene gas, which powered miners' lamps for decades. It is still used to …
Calcium Fluoride
CaF₂Calcium fluoride is found naturally as the mineral fluorite, which displays beautiful fluorescence under UV light — the phenomenon of …
Calcium Hypochlorite
Ca(OCl)₂Calcium hypochlorite is a powerful oxidizing and bleaching agent sold as a white solid with a strong chlorine smell. It …
Calcium Silicate
CaSiO₃Calcium silicate is a white powder used in construction materials, food additives, and thermal insulation. It occurs naturally as the …
Caprolactam
C₆H₁₁NOCaprolactam is the monomer used to produce nylon 6, one of the most widely used synthetic polymers. Over 5 million …
Capsaicin
C₁₈H₂₇NO₃Capsaicin is the chemical responsible for the heat in chili peppers. It activates TRPV1 pain receptors, producing a burning sensation …
Cerium(IV) Oxide
CeO₂Cerium(IV) oxide is the most commercially important compound of cerium, the most abundant rare earth element. It is used as …
Chromium(III) Chloride
CrCl₃Chromium(III) chloride is a purple-green salt used as a catalyst and mordant. Unlike hexavalent chromium compounds, trivalent chromium is relatively …
Cobalt(II) Chloride
CoCl₂Cobalt(II) chloride changes from blue (anhydrous) to pink (hydrated) with moisture, making it a popular humidity indicator. It is used …
Cobalt(II) Oxide
CoOCobalt(II) oxide is a gray-green powder used as a blue coloring agent in ceramics and glass. It has been used …
Congo Red
C₃₂H₂₂N₆Na₂O₆S₂Congo red is an azo dye historically important as the first direct dye for cotton. In medicine, it is used …
Coumarin
C₉H₆O₂Coumarin gives freshly cut hay and tonka beans their sweet vanilla-like scent. It is used in perfumery and as a …
Cysteine
C₃H₇NO₂SCysteine is a sulfur-containing amino acid critical for protein structure through disulfide bonds. It is used in food processing and …
Cytosine
C₄H₅N₃OCytosine is a pyrimidine nucleobase that pairs with guanine in both DNA and RNA through three hydrogen bonds. In DNA, …
DDT
C₁₄H₉Cl₅DDT was a revolutionary insecticide that helped eradicate malaria in many countries. It was banned in most nations after Rachel …
Ferrous Gluconate
C₁₂H₂₂FeO₁₄Ferrous gluconate is an iron supplement with better GI tolerance than ferrous sulfate. It is also used as a food …
Fumaric Acid
C₄H₄O₄Fumaric acid is the trans isomer of butenedioic acid and an intermediate in the citric acid cycle. It is used …
Galactose
C₆H₁₂O₆Galactose is a monosaccharide that combines with glucose to form lactose in milk. Galactosemia is a genetic inability to metabolize …
Glycine
C₂H₅NO₂Glycine is the simplest amino acid and the only one that is achiral (not optically active). It is a major …
Hydroquinone
C₆H₆O₂Hydroquinone is a depigmenting agent that inhibits melanin production. It is used in skin lightening products and as a photographic …
Indigo
C₁₆H₁₀N₂O₂Indigo is the oldest known vat dye, used to color blue jeans since 1873. Natural indigo was one of the …
Iron(III) Chloride
FeCl₃Iron(III) chloride is a dark, hygroscopic compound used as a water treatment agent and printed circuit board etchant.
Iron(III) Oxide
Fe₂O₃Iron(III) oxide, commonly known as rust or hematite, is a reddish-brown solid. It is the most common iron ore and …
Iron(II) Oxide
FeOIron(II) oxide (wustite) is a non-stoichiometric black mineral. It is thermodynamically unstable and tends to disproportionate to iron and Fe₃O₄.
Lanthanum Oxide
La₂O₃Lanthanum oxide is used in optical glass, catalytic converters, and as a phosphate binder in medicine. It is a key …
Lead(II) Oxide
PbOLead(II) oxide, or litharge, is a yellow to reddish crystalline powder. It has been used in lead-acid batteries, ceramics, and …
Lead(II) Silicate Glass
PbO·SiO₂Lead crystal glass contains 24-35% lead oxide, giving it high refractive index, brilliance, and a clear ringing tone. It has …
Leucine
C₆H₁₃NO₂Leucine is a branched-chain essential amino acid important for muscle protein synthesis. It is the most abundant amino acid in …
Lithium Cobalt Oxide
LiCoO₂LiCoO₂ was the first commercially successful lithium-ion battery cathode, used in smartphones and laptops since 1991. It offers high energy …
Lithium Niobate
LiNbO₃Lithium niobate is a crystal with exceptional electro-optic, piezoelectric, and nonlinear optical properties. It is called the 'silicon of photonics'.
Menthol
C₁₀H₂₀OMenthol is a cyclic monoterpene alcohol that activates cold-sensitive TRPM8 receptors, producing a cooling sensation. It is extracted from mint …
Mercury(I) Chloride
Hg₂Cl₂Calomel (Hg₂Cl₂) was historically used as a medicine, laxative, and teething powder despite its toxicity. It is now mainly used …
Metformin
C₄H₁₁N₅Metformin is the most prescribed medication for type 2 diabetes worldwide. Originally derived from French lilac, it is now being …
Methylene Blue
C₁₆H₁₈ClN₃SMethylene blue is a synthetic dye with important medical applications. It is used to treat methemoglobinemia and is on the …
Molybdenum Disulfide
MoS₂Molybdenum disulfide is a layered compound with excellent lubricating properties. Its layers can slide over each other like graphite, making …
Niacin
C₆H₅NO₂Niacin, or Vitamin B3, is essential for metabolism. Its deficiency causes pellagra, which was epidemic in the American South in …
Osmium Tetroxide
OsO₄Osmium tetroxide is a powerful oxidizing agent used to stain biological tissue for electron microscopy and to dihydroxylate alkenes in …
Oxaloacetic Acid
C₄H₄O₅Oxaloacetate is essential for the citric acid cycle, condensing with acetyl-CoA to form citrate. It also serves as a gluconeogenesis …
Palmitic Acid
C₁₆H₃₂O₂Palmitic acid is the most common saturated fatty acid found in animals, plants, and microorganisms. It was first discovered in …
Paracetamol
C₈H₉NO₂Paracetamol (acetaminophen) is the most commonly used medication for pain and fever worldwide. Its exact mechanism of action remains partially …
Phenolphthalein
C₂₀H₁₄O₄Phenolphthalein is the most famous acid-base indicator, turning pink in basic solutions. It was also used as a laxative until …
Phosphoric Acid
H₃PO₄Phosphoric acid is a weak triprotic acid commonly used in soft drinks and fertilizers. It gives cola beverages their characteristic …
Polymethyl Methacrylate
(C₅H₈O₂)ₙPMMA (Plexiglas/Lucite) is a transparent thermoplastic often used as a lightweight, shatter-resistant alternative to glass.
Polypropylene
(C₃H₆)ₙPolypropylene is the second most widely produced plastic polymer. It has excellent chemical resistance, elasticity, and fatigue resistance. It can …
Polyurethane
(C₃H₂NO)ₙPolyurethane is one of the most versatile polymers, produced as flexible foam, rigid foam, coatings, adhesives, and elastomers.
Polyvinyl Chloride
(C₂H₃Cl)ₙPolyvinyl chloride is the third most widely produced plastic polymer. It is inherently rigid and flame-resistant but can be made …
Potassium Nitrate
KNO₃Potassium nitrate (saltpeter) is a key component of gunpowder and an important fertilizer. It provides both potassium and nitrogen to …
Potassium Permanganate
KMnO₄Potassium permanganate is a powerful oxidizing agent that produces deep purple solutions. It is used in water treatment and organic …
Resorcinol
C₆H₆O₂Resorcinol is a dihydroxybenzene isomer used in dermatology to treat acne, eczema, and dandruff. It is also used in adhesive …
Serotonin
C₁₀H₁₂N₂OSerotonin is a monoamine neurotransmitter primarily found in the gastrointestinal tract (about 90%), blood platelets, and central nervous system. It …
Silicon Carbide
SiCSilicon carbide is an extremely hard ceramic used as an abrasive (carborundum) and increasingly as a wide-bandgap semiconductor for EV …
Silver Chloride
AgClSilver chloride is a white solid that darkens on exposure to light, a property exploited in photography for over 150 …
Silver Nitrate
AgNO₃Silver nitrate is a versatile compound used in photography, medicine, and analytical chemistry. It stains skin and organic materials black.
Sodium Bromide
NaBrSodium bromide is a white crystalline salt used in drilling fluids, photography, and as a pharmaceutical sedative. It was the …
Sodium Chloride
NaClSodium chloride (table salt) is the most common salt, essential for human life. It forms cubic crystals and is abundant …
Sodium Hexametaphosphate
(NaPO₃)₆SHMP is a polyphosphate used as a water softener, sequestrant, and food additive. It prevents calcium scale formation in pipes …
Sodium Nitrite
NaNO₂Sodium nitrite is the primary curing agent for meat, giving hot dogs and bacon their pink color and preventing botulism. …
Sodium Perborate
NaBO₃Sodium perborate is a stable source of active oxygen used as a bleaching agent in laundry detergents and teeth whitening …
Sodium Permanganate
NaMnO₄Sodium permanganate is a powerful oxidizer with much higher water solubility than potassium permanganate, making it useful for water treatment.
Strontium Carbonate
SrCO₃Strontium carbonate is used in the production of specialty glass for cathode ray tubes and in ceramic ferrite magnets. It …
Sucralose
C₁₂H₁₉Cl₃O₈Sucralose is an artificial sweetener made by chlorinating sucrose, about 600 times sweeter than sugar. It passes through the body …
Terephthalic Acid
C₈H₆O₄Terephthalic acid (TPA) is the most widely produced aromatic dicarboxylic acid, with over 80 million tonnes produced annually for PET …
Thiamine
C₁₂H₁₇N₄OS⁺Thiamine, or Vitamin B1, is essential for glucose metabolism. Its deficiency causes beriberi, a disease that plagued Asian populations dependent …