スチームメタン改質による水素製造

世界の工業用水素の主要供給源

Energy & Battery Technology Global Industrial Scale $130 billion

概要

Steam methane reforming (SMR) produces approximately 95% of the world's hydrogen by reacting natural gas with steam over a nickel catalyst at 700-1,000 degrees C. Hydrogen is essential for ammonia synthesis, petroleum refining (hydrocracking, hydrotreating), methanol production, and increasingly as a clean energy carrier. The process also produces CO₂ as a byproduct, making it 'grey hydrogen.' When combined with carbon capture and storage (CCS), the product becomes 'blue hydrogen.'

化学プロセス

Natural gas (CH₄) is desulfurized and mixed with steam at a 1:3 ratio, then passed over Ni/Al₂O₃ catalyst in reformer tubes heated externally to 800-900 degrees C and 20-30 bar. The syngas undergoes the water-gas shift reaction to convert CO to CO₂ and additional H₂. CO₂ is removed by amine absorption or pressure swing adsorption (PSA), yielding 99.99% pure hydrogen.

CH₄ + H₂O ⇌ CO + 3H₂ (steam reforming, ΔH = +206 kJ/mol, endothermic)
CO + H₂O ⇌ CO₂ + H₂ (water-gas shift, ΔH = −41 kJ/mol, exothermic)
Overall: CH₄ + 2H₂O → CO₂ + 4H₂

原材料

  • Natural gas (CH₄) — Natural gas wells (Hydrogen and carbon source)
  • Steam (H₂O) — Boiler/waste heat recovery (Oxygen donor and reactant)
  • Nickel catalyst (Ni/Al₂O₃) — Catalyst manufacturers (Reforming catalyst)

最終製品

  • Hydrogen gas (H₂) — Ammonia, refining, fuel cells, chemicals (99.99% purity by PSA, 10.8 kg CO₂/kg H₂ without CCS)
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Environmental Impact

SMR is responsible for approximately 830 million tons of CO₂ annually — about 2% of global emissions. Each kilogram of hydrogen produces 10-12 kg of CO₂. CCS can capture 85-95% of CO₂ emissions. The transition to green hydrogen (water electrolysis with renewables) is the primary decarbonization pathway.

安全性の考慮事項

最新のイノベーション

Green hydrogen from water electrolysis (PEM and alkaline) is scaling rapidly but still costs 2-3x grey hydrogen.
Turquoise hydrogen from methane pyrolysis produces solid carbon instead of CO₂.
Autothermal reforming (ATR) with oxygen is better suited for CCS integration than conventional SMR.

生産規模

70000000

トン/年

$130 billion

市場価値

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Frequently Asked Questions

What industry uses スチームメタン改質による水素製造?
スチームメタン改質による水素製造 is used in the energy & battery technology sector at global industrial scale scale.
What process is involved in スチームメタン改質による水素製造?
Natural gas (CH₄) is desulfurized and mixed with steam at a 1:3 ratio, then passed over Ni/Al₂O₃ catalyst in reformer tubes heated externally to 800-900 degrees C and 20-30 bar. The syngas undergoes the water-gas shift reaction to convert CO to CO₂ and additional H₂. CO₂ is removed by amine absorpti
What is the economic significance of スチームメタン改質による水素製造?
スチームメタン改質による水素製造 has a market value of $130 billion and annual production of 70,000,000 tons.
What is the environmental impact of スチームメタン改質による水素製造?
SMR is responsible for approximately 830 million tons of CO₂ annually — about 2% of global emissions. Each kilogram of hydrogen produces 10-12 kg of CO₂. CCS can capture 85-95% of CO₂ emissions. The transition to green hydrogen (water electrolysis with renewables) is the primary decarbonization path
What raw materials are used in スチームメタン改質による水素製造?
The main raw materials include: Natural gas (CH₄), Steam (H₂O), Nickel catalyst (Ni/Al₂O₃).