Производство фосфорных удобрений (суперфосфат и DAP)

Высвобождение почвенного фосфора для мирового сельскохозяйственного производства

Agriculture & Fertilizers Global Industrial Scale $25 billion

Обзор

Phosphate fertilizers are produced by treating phosphate rock (fluorapatite) with sulfuric acid to create single superphosphate (SSP), or with phosphoric acid to create triple superphosphate (TSP) and diammonium phosphate (DAP). Phosphorus is essential for plant energy transfer (ATP), root development, and seed formation. Global phosphate rock reserves are concentrated in Morocco (70%), and concerns about peak phosphorus supply have prompted efforts to improve phosphorus recycling from agricultural and wastewater sources.

Химический процесс

For SSP: finely ground phosphate rock is mixed with 70% sulfuric acid in a continuous mixer (den process). The mixture sets and cures for 3-6 weeks. For DAP: phosphate rock is digested with sulfuric acid to produce phosphoric acid (wet process), which is then neutralized with ammonia. The slurry is granulated, dried, and screened.

Ca5(PO4)3F + 5H2SO4 + 10H2O -> 3H3PO4 + 5CaSO4.2H2O + HF (wet process for phosphoric acid)
H3PO4 + 2NH3 -> (NH4)2HPO4 (DAP production)

Сырьё

  • Phosphate rock (Ca5(PO4)3F, fluorapatite) — Mining (Morocco, China, US, Russia) (Phosphorus source (30-37% P2O5))
  • Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) — Contact process from sulfur (Acid digestion agent)
  • Ammonia (NH3) — Haber-Bosch process (Nitrogen source for DAP/MAP)

Конечные продукты

  • Single superphosphate (SSP) — Direct-application phosphorus fertilizer (16-20% P2O5, also provides sulfur and calcium)
  • Diammonium phosphate (DAP, (NH4)2HPO4) — High-analysis NP fertilizer (18% N, 46% P2O5)
<path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M12 9v3.75m-9.303 3.376c-.866 1.5.217 3.374 1.948 3.374h14.71c1.73 0 2.813-1.874 1.948-3.374L13.949 3.378c-.866-1.5-3.032-1.5-3.898 0L2.697 16.126zM12 15.75h.007v.008H12v-.008z" />

Environmental Impact

Phosphate mining disturbs large land areas and generates phosphogypsum waste (5 tons per ton of P2O5), which contains naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM). Phosphorus runoff from overfertilized fields causes eutrophication of lakes and rivers. Fluoride and cadmium impurities in phosphate rock require management.

Соображения безопасности

Последние инновации

Slow-release phosphorus fertilizers reduce runoff losses.
Phosphorus recovery from wastewater (struvite crystallization) creates a circular economy.
Biochar and mycorrhizal inoculants improve plant phosphorus uptake efficiency, reducing fertilizer requirements.

Масштаб производства

50000000

тонн/год

$25 billion

Рыночная стоимость

Больше в Agriculture & Fertilizers

Агрохимическая известь для коррекции pH почвы

Global Industrial Scale

Повышение эффективности биологической азотфиксации (инокулянты Rhizobium)

Global Industrial Scale

Производство фунгицида на основе сульфата меди (бордоская жидкость)

Global Industrial Scale

Синтез аммиака по методу Габера–Боша

Global Industrial Scale

Синтез гербицида глифосата

Global Industrial Scale

Синтез мочевины из аммиака и углекислого газа

Global Industrial Scale

Синтез пиретроидных инсектицидов

Global Industrial Scale

Frequently Asked Questions

What industry uses Производство фосфорных удобрений (суперфосфат и DAP)?
Производство фосфорных удобрений (суперфосфат и DAP) is used in the agriculture & fertilizers sector at global industrial scale scale.
What process is involved in Производство фосфорных удобрений (суперфосфат и DAP)?
For SSP: finely ground phosphate rock is mixed with 70% sulfuric acid in a continuous mixer (den process). The mixture sets and cures for 3-6 weeks. For DAP: phosphate rock is digested with sulfuric acid to produce phosphoric acid (wet process), which is then neutralized with ammonia. The slurry is
What is the economic significance of Производство фосфорных удобрений (суперфосфат и DAP)?
Производство фосфорных удобрений (суперфосфат и DAP) has a market value of $25 billion and annual production of 50,000,000 tons.
What is the environmental impact of Производство фосфорных удобрений (суперфосфат и DAP)?
Phosphate mining disturbs large land areas and generates phosphogypsum waste (5 tons per ton of P2O5), which contains naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM). Phosphorus runoff from overfertilized fields causes eutrophication of lakes and rivers. Fluoride and cadmium impurities in phosphate
What raw materials are used in Производство фосфорных удобрений (суперфосфат и DAP)?
The main raw materials include: Phosphate rock (Ca5(PO4)3F, fluorapatite), Sulfuric acid (H2SO4), Ammonia (NH3).