Nitration of Benzene

C₆H₆ + HNO₃ → C₆H₅NO₂ + H₂O

Обзор

Benzene undergoes electrophilic aromatic substitution with nitric acid in the presence of sulfuric acid to form nitrobenzene. The active electrophile is the nitronium ion (NO₂⁺) generated by protonation of HNO₃. The reaction temperature must be carefully controlled to avoid dinitration.

Участники

Роль	Вещество	Коэффициент	Состояние
Реагент	Benzene C₆H₆	1	(l)
Реагент	Nitric Acid HNO₃	1	(aq)
Продукт	Water H₂O	1	(l)

Пример из жизни

Nitrobenzene has a bitter almond odor and was once used in shoe polish and floor wax. TNT is made by trinitration of toluene.

Промышленное значение

Nitrobenzene is produced at over 5 million tonnes annually, almost entirely for reduction to aniline, the precursor to polyurethanes and dyes.

Свойства

Тип: Organic
Обратимая: Нет
Энергия: Экзотермическая
ΔH: -117,0 kJ/mol
Катализатор: H₂SO₄ (generates NO₂⁺)

Связанные реакции

Epoxidation of Alkenes (mCPBA) Swern Oxidation Oxidation of Secondary Alcohol to Ketone E2 Elimination (Dehydrohalogenation) Claisen Condensation (Ethyl Acetate) Aldol Condensation of Acetaldehyde Kolbe Electrolysis Baeyer-Villiger Oxidation Beckmann Rearrangement (Cyclohexanone Oxime) Dehydration of Ethanol

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the equation for Nitration of Benzene?

The balanced equation is: C₆H₆ + HNO₃ → C₆H₅NO₂ + H₂O.

What type of reaction is Nitration of Benzene?

Nitration of Benzene is a organic reaction.

Is Nitration of Benzene exothermic or endothermic?

Nitration of Benzene is exothermic (releases energy). The enthalpy change (ΔH) is -117.0 kJ/mol.

What conditions are needed for Nitration of Benzene?

This reaction requires a catalyst (H₂SO₄ (generates NO₂⁺)).