A Dissolução Nem Sempre É Exotérmica

Comparação de variações de temperatura de diferentes dissoluções de sais

Thermochemistry Beginner (Middle School) 25 min ~$8,00

Objetivo

Comparar a entalpia de dissolução de diferentes sais (NaOH, CaCl₂, NH₄NO₃, KNO₃) para mostrar que a dissolução pode ser exotérmica ou endotérmica.

Contexto

Students often assume dissolving always releases heat. This experiment tests four salts: NaOH and CaCl₂ dissolve exothermically (temperature rises), while NH₄NO₃ and KNO₃ dissolve endothermically (temperature drops). The results illustrate that lattice energy vs hydration energy determines the sign of ΔH.

Avisos de segurança

  • NaOH is extremely corrosive
  • NH₄NO₃ is an oxidizer
  • Wear goggles and gloves

EPI necessário

goggles gloves

Materiais

  • Sodium hydroxide pellets (10 g)
    Exothermic
  • Calcium chloride (10 g)
    Exothermic
  • Ammonium nitrate (10 g)
    Endothermic
  • Potassium nitrate (10 g)
    Endothermic
  • Distilled water (400 mL)

Equipamentos

4 polystyrene cups Thermometer Stirring rod Analytical balance

Procedimento

1

Add 100 mL water to each of four labeled cups. Record the initial temperature of each.

5 min
2

Add 10 g NaOH to cup 1. Stir and record the maximum temperature.

3 min Very exothermic — NaOH is corrosive
3

Add 10 g CaCl₂ to cup 2. Stir and record the maximum temperature.

3 min
4

Add 10 g NH₄NO₃ to cup 3. Stir and record the minimum temperature.

3 min
5

Add 10 g KNO₃ to cup 4. Stir and record the minimum temperature.

3 min
6

Create a table ranking the salts from most exothermic to most endothermic.

3 min
7

Discuss why some dissolve exothermically and others endothermically (lattice energy vs hydration energy).

5 min

Resultados esperados

NaOH: +15-20°C rise. CaCl₂: +10-15°C rise. NH₄NO₃: -15-20°C drop. KNO₃: -5-10°C drop. Clear demonstration that dissolution can be either exothermic or endothermic.

Limpeza

NaOH and CaCl₂ solutions should be neutralized before disposal. All solutions can be poured down the drain after dilution.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the objective of A Dissolução Nem Sempre É Exotérmica?
Comparar a entalpia de dissolução de diferentes sais (NaOH, CaCl₂, NH₄NO₃, KNO₃) para mostrar que a dissolução pode ser exotérmica ou endotérmica.
How difficult is A Dissolução Nem Sempre É Exotérmica?
This experiment is rated as Beginner (Middle School). It takes approximately 25 minutes to complete.
What safety precautions are needed for A Dissolução Nem Sempre É Exotérmica?
Key safety precautions include: NaOH is extremely corrosive; NH₄NO₃ is an oxidizer; Wear goggles and gloves.
What materials are needed for A Dissolução Nem Sempre É Exotérmica?
The main materials required are: Sodium hydroxide pellets, Calcium chloride, Ammonium nitrate, Potassium nitrate, Distilled water.
What results should I expect from A Dissolução Nem Sempre É Exotérmica?
NaOH: +15-20°C rise. CaCl₂: +10-15°C rise. NH₄NO₃: -15-20°C drop. KNO₃: -5-10°C drop. Clear demonstration that dissolution can be either exothermic or endothermic.