A Dissolução Nem Sempre É Exotérmica
Comparação de variações de temperatura de diferentes dissoluções de sais
Objetivo
Comparar a entalpia de dissolução de diferentes sais (NaOH, CaCl₂, NH₄NO₃, KNO₃) para mostrar que a dissolução pode ser exotérmica ou endotérmica.
Contexto
Students often assume dissolving always releases heat. This experiment tests four salts: NaOH and CaCl₂ dissolve exothermically (temperature rises), while NH₄NO₃ and KNO₃ dissolve endothermically (temperature drops). The results illustrate that lattice energy vs hydration energy determines the sign of ΔH.
Avisos de segurança
- NaOH is extremely corrosive
- NH₄NO₃ is an oxidizer
- Wear goggles and gloves
EPI necessário
Materiais
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Sodium hydroxide pellets (10 g)Exothermic
-
Calcium chloride (10 g)Exothermic
-
Ammonium nitrate (10 g)Endothermic
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Potassium nitrate (10 g)Endothermic
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Distilled water (400 mL)
Equipamentos
Procedimento
Add 100 mL water to each of four labeled cups. Record the initial temperature of each.
Add 10 g NaOH to cup 1. Stir and record the maximum temperature.
Add 10 g CaCl₂ to cup 2. Stir and record the maximum temperature.
Add 10 g NH₄NO₃ to cup 3. Stir and record the minimum temperature.
Add 10 g KNO₃ to cup 4. Stir and record the minimum temperature.
Create a table ranking the salts from most exothermic to most endothermic.
Discuss why some dissolve exothermically and others endothermically (lattice energy vs hydration energy).
Resultados esperados
NaOH: +15-20°C rise. CaCl₂: +10-15°C rise. NH₄NO₃: -15-20°C drop. KNO₃: -5-10°C drop. Clear demonstration that dissolution can be either exothermic or endothermic.
Limpeza
NaOH and CaCl₂ solutions should be neutralized before disposal. All solutions can be poured down the drain after dilution.
Detalhes
- Categoria
- Thermochemistry
- Dificuldade
- Beginner (Middle School)
- Duração
- 25 min
- Custo estimado
- $8,00
- Passos
- 7
- Materiais
- 5