Titrations — Precision Quantitative Analysis
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11个实验
Titration is a quantitative analytical technique that determines the concentration of an unknown solution by reacting it with a solution of known concentration (the titrant). The endpoint — where the reaction is complete — is detected by an indicator color change, pH meter, or conductivity change. Titrations are the backbone of analytical chemistry in quality control laboratories worldwide.
Learning Objectives
Students master volumetric analysis: precise measurement with burettes, stoichiometric calculations, endpoint detection, and error analysis. Acid-base titrations teach neutralization; redox titrations (permanganate, iodometric) teach electron-transfer stoichiometry. Complexometric titrations with EDTA determine water hardness.
Key Techniques
Rinse the burette with titrant before filling. Swirl the flask during addition. Approach the endpoint dropwise, then half-drops. Record the volume at the meniscus bottom for clear solutions, top for dark solutions. Back-titration is used when the analyte reacts slowly or is insoluble — add excess reagent, then titrate the unreacted portion.
Equipment Overview
Required: burette (25 or 50 mL, Class A), burette clamp and stand, Erlenmeyer flask, volumetric pipette, wash bottle, indicator solutions. Digital burettes eliminate parallax error. Automatic titrators with pH electrodes provide continuous monitoring and computer-plotted titration curves.
EDTA配位滴定测水硬度
测定水中的钙镁含量
以铬黑T为指示剂，用EDTA滴定水样中的Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺离子，测定水的总硬度。
pH滴定曲线
用pH计绘制完整的酸碱滴定曲线
记录酸碱滴定过程中的pH值，构建显示当量点和缓冲区域的完整S形滴定曲线。
双指示剂滴定碳酸盐-碳酸氢盐混合物
用两种指示剂分析碳酸盐混合物
依次使用酚酞和甲基橙两种指示剂，用HCl滴定分析碳酸钠和碳酸氢钠的混合物。
沉淀滴定（莫尔法）
用硝酸银测定氯化物浓度
用莫尔法测定溶液中氯离子浓度，以硝酸银为滴定剂，铬酸钾为指示剂。
漂白剂碘量滴定
测定家用漂白剂中次氯酸钠的浓度
用硫代硫酸钠碘量滴定法测定商业漂白剂中次氯酸钠（NaOCl）的浓度。
甲基橙酸碱滴定
用强酸滴定弱碱
以甲基橙为指示剂，用盐酸滴定碳酸钠溶液，测定其浓度，学习适合酸性终点的指示剂选择。
电导滴定
用电导率追踪滴定过程
用电导率测量代替指示剂进行酸碱滴定，并从电导-体积图确定终点。
碘量法测维生素C
测量果汁中的抗坏血酸含量
以淀粉为指示剂，用碘量法测定新鲜果汁中维生素C（抗坏血酸）的含量。
胃药片逆滴定
测量商业抗酸药的酸中和能力
用逆滴定法测定商业抗酸药片的酸中和能力。
酚酞酸碱滴定
用标准碱溶液测定酸的浓度
以酚酞为指示剂，用标准化氢氧化钠溶液滴定未知浓度的盐酸溶液，测定其浓度。
高锰酸钾氧化还原滴定
用KMnO₄测定铁(II)浓度
用标准高锰酸钾溶液（自身指示剂）滴定硫酸亚铁溶液，测定其浓度。