الذوبان ليس دائماً طارداً للحرارة

مقارنة تغيرات درجة الحرارة لذوبان ملوح مختلفة

Thermochemistry Beginner (Middle School) 25 دقيقة ~$8,00

الهدف

مقارنة إنثالبي ذوبان الملوح المختلفة (NaOH وCaCl₂ وNH₄NO₃ وKNO₃) لإظهار أن الذوبان يمكن أن يكون طارداً أو ماصاً للحرارة.

الخلفية

Students often assume dissolving always releases heat. This experiment tests four salts: NaOH and CaCl₂ dissolve exothermically (temperature rises), while NH₄NO₃ and KNO₃ dissolve endothermically (temperature drops). The results illustrate that lattice energy vs hydration energy determines the sign of ΔH.

تحذيرات السلامة

  • NaOH is extremely corrosive
  • NH₄NO₃ is an oxidizer
  • Wear goggles and gloves

معدات الوقاية الشخصية المطلوبة

goggles gloves

المواد

  • Sodium hydroxide pellets (10 g)
    Exothermic
  • Calcium chloride (10 g)
    Exothermic
  • Ammonium nitrate (10 g)
    Endothermic
  • Potassium nitrate (10 g)
    Endothermic
  • Distilled water (400 mL)

المعدات

4 polystyrene cups Thermometer Stirring rod Analytical balance

الإجراء

1

Add 100 mL water to each of four labeled cups. Record the initial temperature of each.

5 دقيقة
2

Add 10 g NaOH to cup 1. Stir and record the maximum temperature.

3 دقيقة Very exothermic — NaOH is corrosive
3

Add 10 g CaCl₂ to cup 2. Stir and record the maximum temperature.

3 دقيقة
4

Add 10 g NH₄NO₃ to cup 3. Stir and record the minimum temperature.

3 دقيقة
5

Add 10 g KNO₃ to cup 4. Stir and record the minimum temperature.

3 دقيقة
6

Create a table ranking the salts from most exothermic to most endothermic.

3 دقيقة
7

Discuss why some dissolve exothermically and others endothermically (lattice energy vs hydration energy).

5 دقيقة

النتائج المتوقعة

NaOH: +15-20°C rise. CaCl₂: +10-15°C rise. NH₄NO₃: -15-20°C drop. KNO₃: -5-10°C drop. Clear demonstration that dissolution can be either exothermic or endothermic.

التنظيف

NaOH and CaCl₂ solutions should be neutralized before disposal. All solutions can be poured down the drain after dilution.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the objective of الذوبان ليس دائماً طارداً للحرارة?
مقارنة إنثالبي ذوبان الملوح المختلفة (NaOH وCaCl₂ وNH₄NO₃ وKNO₃) لإظهار أن الذوبان يمكن أن يكون طارداً أو ماصاً للحرارة.
How difficult is الذوبان ليس دائماً طارداً للحرارة?
This experiment is rated as Beginner (Middle School). It takes approximately 25 minutes to complete.
What safety precautions are needed for الذوبان ليس دائماً طارداً للحرارة?
Key safety precautions include: NaOH is extremely corrosive; NH₄NO₃ is an oxidizer; Wear goggles and gloves.
What materials are needed for الذوبان ليس دائماً طارداً للحرارة?
The main materials required are: Sodium hydroxide pellets, Calcium chloride, Ammonium nitrate, Potassium nitrate, Distilled water.
What results should I expect from الذوبان ليس دائماً طارداً للحرارة?
NaOH: +15-20°C rise. CaCl₂: +10-15°C rise. NH₄NO₃: -15-20°C drop. KNO₃: -5-10°C drop. Clear demonstration that dissolution can be either exothermic or endothermic.