التحقق من قانون هيس

تأكيد أن الإنثالبي دالة حالة باستخدام ثلاثة تفاعلات

Thermochemistry Advanced (University) 60 دقيقة ~$15,00

الهدف

التحقق من قانون هيس بقياس التغيرات في الإنثالبي لثلاثة تفاعلات مترابطة وإظهار أن ΔH1 + ΔH2 = ΔH3.

الخلفية

Hess's law states that the total enthalpy change for a reaction is independent of the pathway. This is verified by measuring: (1) NaOH(s) → NaOH(aq), (2) NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq), and (3) NaOH(s) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq). The sum ΔH1 + ΔH2 should equal ΔH3.

تحذيرات السلامة

  • NaOH pellets are extremely corrosive and generate heat when dissolved
  • HCl is corrosive
  • Wear goggles and gloves throughout

معدات الوقاية الشخصية المطلوبة

goggles gloves lab_coat

المواد

  • Sodium hydroxide pellets (8 g)
    Anhydrous
  • Hydrochloric acid (HCl) (150 mL)
    1M
  • Sodium hydroxide solution (50 mL)
    1M
  • Distilled water (200 mL)

المعدات

Polystyrene cup calorimeter (2 cups nested) Thermometer Analytical balance Graduated cylinder Stopwatch Lid with hole

الإجراء

1

Reaction 1: Add 50 mL distilled water to the calorimeter. Record temperature. Add 2 g NaOH pellets. Stir and record max temperature.

8 دقيقة Exothermic — NaOH dissolving
2

Calculate ΔH1 for dissolution. Repeat for accuracy.

5 دقيقة
3

Reaction 2: Add 50 mL 1M HCl to the calorimeter. Record temperature. Add 50 mL 1M NaOH. Record max temperature.

8 دقيقة
4

Calculate ΔH2 for neutralization.

5 دقيقة
5

Reaction 3: Add 50 mL 1M HCl to the calorimeter. Record temperature. Add 2 g NaOH pellets directly. Record max temperature.

8 دقيقة Very exothermic
6

Calculate ΔH3 for combined dissolution + neutralization.

5 دقيقة
7

Compare ΔH1 + ΔH2 with ΔH3. They should be approximately equal, verifying Hess's law.

8 دقيقة

النتائج المتوقعة

ΔH1 (dissolution) ≈ -44 kJ/mol, ΔH2 (neutralization) ≈ -57 kJ/mol, ΔH3 (combined) ≈ -101 kJ/mol. ΔH1 + ΔH2 should equal ΔH3 within experimental error (±10%).

التنظيف

Neutralize all solutions before disposal. Rinse calorimeter cups. Dry and store equipment.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the objective of التحقق من قانون هيس?
التحقق من قانون هيس بقياس التغيرات في الإنثالبي لثلاثة تفاعلات مترابطة وإظهار أن ΔH1 + ΔH2 = ΔH3.
How difficult is التحقق من قانون هيس?
This experiment is rated as Advanced (University). It takes approximately 60 minutes to complete.
What safety precautions are needed for التحقق من قانون هيس?
Key safety precautions include: NaOH pellets are extremely corrosive and generate heat when dissolved; HCl is corrosive; Wear goggles and gloves throughout.
What materials are needed for التحقق من قانون هيس?
The main materials required are: Sodium hydroxide pellets, Hydrochloric acid (HCl), Sodium hydroxide solution, Distilled water.
What results should I expect from التحقق من قانون هيس?
ΔH1 (dissolution) ≈ -44 kJ/mol, ΔH2 (neutralization) ≈ -57 kJ/mol, ΔH3 (combined) ≈ -101 kJ/mol. ΔH1 + ΔH2 should equal ΔH3 within experimental error (±10%).