Проверка закона Гесса

Подтверждение того, что энтальпия является функцией состояния, на примере трёх реакций

Thermochemistry Advanced (University) 60 мин ~$15,00

Цель

Проверить закон Гесса, измерив тепловые эффекты трёх связанных реакций и показав, что ΔH₁ + ΔH₂ = ΔH₃.

Предпосылки

Hess's law states that the total enthalpy change for a reaction is independent of the pathway. This is verified by measuring: (1) NaOH(s) → NaOH(aq), (2) NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq), and (3) NaOH(s) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq). The sum ΔH1 + ΔH2 should equal ΔH3.

Предупреждения по безопасности

  • NaOH pellets are extremely corrosive and generate heat when dissolved
  • HCl is corrosive
  • Wear goggles and gloves throughout

Требуемые СИЗ

goggles gloves lab_coat

Материалы

  • Sodium hydroxide pellets (8 g)
    Anhydrous
  • Hydrochloric acid (HCl) (150 mL)
    1M
  • Sodium hydroxide solution (50 mL)
    1M
  • Distilled water (200 mL)

Оборудование

Polystyrene cup calorimeter (2 cups nested) Thermometer Analytical balance Graduated cylinder Stopwatch Lid with hole

Процедура

1

Reaction 1: Add 50 mL distilled water to the calorimeter. Record temperature. Add 2 g NaOH pellets. Stir and record max temperature.

8 мин Exothermic — NaOH dissolving
2

Calculate ΔH1 for dissolution. Repeat for accuracy.

5 мин
3

Reaction 2: Add 50 mL 1M HCl to the calorimeter. Record temperature. Add 50 mL 1M NaOH. Record max temperature.

8 мин
4

Calculate ΔH2 for neutralization.

5 мин
5

Reaction 3: Add 50 mL 1M HCl to the calorimeter. Record temperature. Add 2 g NaOH pellets directly. Record max temperature.

8 мин Very exothermic
6

Calculate ΔH3 for combined dissolution + neutralization.

5 мин
7

Compare ΔH1 + ΔH2 with ΔH3. They should be approximately equal, verifying Hess's law.

8 мин

Ожидаемые результаты

ΔH1 (dissolution) ≈ -44 kJ/mol, ΔH2 (neutralization) ≈ -57 kJ/mol, ΔH3 (combined) ≈ -101 kJ/mol. ΔH1 + ΔH2 should equal ΔH3 within experimental error (±10%).

Уборка

Neutralize all solutions before disposal. Rinse calorimeter cups. Dry and store equipment.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the objective of Проверка закона Гесса?
Проверить закон Гесса, измерив тепловые эффекты трёх связанных реакций и показав, что ΔH₁ + ΔH₂ = ΔH₃.
How difficult is Проверка закона Гесса?
This experiment is rated as Advanced (University). It takes approximately 60 minutes to complete.
What safety precautions are needed for Проверка закона Гесса?
Key safety precautions include: NaOH pellets are extremely corrosive and generate heat when dissolved; HCl is corrosive; Wear goggles and gloves throughout.
What materials are needed for Проверка закона Гесса?
The main materials required are: Sodium hydroxide pellets, Hydrochloric acid (HCl), Sodium hydroxide solution, Distilled water.
What results should I expect from Проверка закона Гесса?
ΔH1 (dissolution) ≈ -44 kJ/mol, ΔH2 (neutralization) ≈ -57 kJ/mol, ΔH3 (combined) ≈ -101 kJ/mol. ΔH1 + ΔH2 should equal ΔH3 within experimental error (±10%).