Organic Synthesis — Building Carbon-Based Molecules

11个实验

Organic synthesis experiments teach students to construct carbon-based molecules through controlled reactions. From simple esterification (making fruit-scented esters) to multi-step synthesis of pharmaceutical compounds, these experiments develop practical skills in reaction setup, purification, and characterization that are essential for careers in chemistry, pharmacology, and materials science.

Learning Objectives

Master fundamental organic techniques: reflux, distillation, extraction, recrystallization, and thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Understand reaction mechanisms (SN1, SN2, electrophilic addition), calculate theoretical yields, determine percent yield, and assess product purity using melting point and spectroscopic methods.

Key Techniques

Reflux prevents solvent loss during prolonged heating. Liquid-liquid extraction separates products using immiscible solvents and a separatory funnel. Recrystallization purifies solids by dissolving in hot solvent and slowly cooling. Rotary evaporators remove solvent under reduced pressure. TLC monitors reaction progress with Rf value comparison.

Equipment Overview

Required: round-bottom flasks, reflux condensers, heating mantles, separatory funnels, rotary evaporator, TLC plates and UV lamp, melting point apparatus. Advanced: Schlenk lines for air-sensitive reactions, NMR and IR spectrometers for product characterization.

乙酸乙酯的费歇尔酯化

合成带有果香的酯

在硫酸催化下,通过乙酸和乙醇的费歇尔酯化反应合成乙酸乙酯(指甲油去除剂的香气)。

Advanced (University) · 90 min · 8 步骤

从植物油生产生物柴油

通过酯交换反应将食用油转化为生物柴油

通过与甲醇的碱催化酯交换反应将植物油转化为生物柴油(脂肪酸甲酯)。

Intermediate (High School) · 60 min · 8 步骤

从茶叶中提取咖啡因

用液液萃取分离天然生物碱

用二氯甲烷对茶叶进行液液萃取提取咖啡因,演示溶剂萃取和天然产物分离。

Advanced (University) · 90 min · 8 步骤

史莱姆合成(交联PVA)

通过交联聚乙烯醇制备非牛顿流体

用硼酸钠交联聚乙烯醇(PVA)制备史莱姆,演示高分子化学和非牛顿流体行为。

Beginner (Middle School) · 20 min · 6 步骤

对乙酰氨基酚(扑热息痛)的制备

通过酰胺键形成合成镇痛药

通过乙酸酐对对氨基苯酚的酰化反应合成对乙酰氨基酚(扑热息痛),演示酰胺键的形成。

Advanced (University) · 80 min · 8 步骤

尼龙6,10的制备(尼龙绳技巧)

从界面拉出连续的尼龙丝

在两种不混溶溶液的界面合成尼龙6,10,并从烧杯中拉出连续丝线。

Intermediate (High School) · 30 min · 6 步骤

皂化反应制皂

用氢氧化钠将油脂转化为肥皂

通过植物油与氢氧化钠的皂化反应制造肥皂,演示甘油三酯中酯键的水解。

Intermediate (High School) · 60 min · 8 步骤

羟醛缩合(二苯亚苄基丙酮)

合成用于防晒霜的紫外线吸收化合物

通过苯甲醛与丙酮的交叉羟醛缩合反应合成二苯亚苄基丙酮,演示碳碳键的形成。

Advanced (University) · 75 min · 8 步骤

阿司匹林(乙酰水杨酸)的合成

制备世界上最常用的药物之一

通过乙酸酐对水杨酸的酰化反应合成阿司匹林(乙酰水杨酸),并通过熔点测定评估纯度。

Advanced (University) · 90 min · 9 步骤

香蕉油(乙酸异戊酯)的合成

合成赋予香蕉风味的酯

通过乙酸和异戊醇的费歇尔酯化反应合成乙酸异戊酯(香蕉油),演示酯类如何产生水果香气。

Advanced (University) · 90 min · 7 步骤

鲁米诺的合成

从3-硝基邻苯二甲酸制备化学发光化合物

合成鲁米诺(3-氨基邻苯二甲酰肼),并演示其与过氧化氢的化学发光反应。

Professional (Lab) · 120 min · 8 步骤