Nitration of Benzene

C6H6 + HNO3 → C6H5NO2 + H2O

概述

Benzene undergoes electrophilic aromatic substitution with nitric acid in the presence of sulfuric acid to form nitrobenzene. The active electrophile is the nitronium ion (NO₂⁺) generated by protonation of HNO₃. The reaction temperature must be carefully controlled to avoid dinitration.

参与者

角色 物质 系数 状态
反应物 Benzene C₆H₆ 1 (l)
反应物 Nitric Acid HNO₃ 1 (aq)
产物 Water H₂O 1 (l)

日常示例

Nitrobenzene has a bitter almond odor and was once used in shoe polish and floor wax. TNT is made by trinitration of toluene.

工业重要性

苯的硝化是有机化工中最重要的反应之一。硝基苯是合成苯胺的前体，进而用于生产聚氨酯、染料和农药。TNT（三硝基甲苯）也通过甲苯的多步硝化反应制备，用作炸药。

属性

类型
Organic
可逆
否
能量
放热
ΔH
-117.0 kJ/mol
催化剂
H₂SO₄ (generates NO₂⁺)

相关反应

Epoxidation of Alkenes (mCPBA) Swern Oxidation Oxidation of Secondary Alcohol to Ketone E2 Elimination (Dehydrohalogenation) Claisen Condensation (Ethyl Acetate) Aldol Condensation of Acetaldehyde Kolbe Electrolysis Baeyer-Villiger Oxidation Beckmann Rearrangement (Cyclohexanone Oxime) Dehydration of Ethanol

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the equation for Nitration of Benzene?
The balanced equation is: C₆H₆ + HNO₃ → C₆H₅NO₂ + H₂O.
What type of reaction is Nitration of Benzene?
Nitration of Benzene is a organic reaction.
Is Nitration of Benzene exothermic or endothermic?
Nitration of Benzene is exothermic (releases energy). The enthalpy change (ΔH) is -117.0 kJ/mol.
What conditions are needed for Nitration of Benzene?
This reaction requires a catalyst (H₂SO₄ (generates NO₂⁺)).