Nitration of Benzene

C6H6 + HNO3 → C6H5NO2 + H2O

概述

Benzene undergoes electrophilic aromatic substitution with nitric acid in the presence of sulfuric acid to form nitrobenzene. The active electrophile is the nitronium ion (NO₂⁺) generated by protonation of HNO₃. The reaction temperature must be carefully controlled to avoid dinitration.

参与者

角色 物质 系数 状态
反应物 Benzene C₆H₆ 1 (l)
反应物 Nitric Acid HNO₃ 1 (aq)
产物 Water H₂O 1 (l)

日常示例

Nitrobenzene has a bitter almond odor and was once used in shoe polish and floor wax. TNT is made by trinitration of toluene.

工业重要性

苯的硝化是有机化工中最重要的反应之一。硝基苯是合成苯胺的前体，进而用于生产聚氨酯、染料和农药。TNT（三硝基甲苯）也通过甲苯的多步硝化反应制备，用作炸药。

属性

类型
Organic
可逆
否
能量
放热
ΔH
-117.0 kJ/mol
催化剂
H₂SO₄ (generates NO₂⁺)

相关反应

Swern Oxidation Oxidation of Secondary Alcohol to Ketone Claisen Condensation (Ethyl Acetate) Kolbe Electrolysis Baeyer-Villiger Oxidation Beckmann Rearrangement (Cyclohexanone Oxime) Catalytic Hydrogenation of Ethylene Condensation Polymerization (Nylon 6,6) Cope Rearrangement Epoxidation of Alkenes (mCPBA)

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the equation for Nitration of Benzene?
The balanced equation is: C₆H₆ + HNO₃ → C₆H₅NO₂ + H₂O.
What type of reaction is Nitration of Benzene?
Nitration of Benzene is a organic reaction.
Is Nitration of Benzene exothermic or endothermic?
Nitration of Benzene is exothermic (releases energy). The enthalpy change (ΔH) is -117.0 kJ/mol.
What conditions are needed for Nitration of Benzene?
This reaction requires a catalyst (H₂SO₄ (generates NO₂⁺)).