Sản Xuất Penicillin G bằng Lên Men

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Pharmaceutical & Drug Manufacturing Global Industrial Scale $1.8 billion

Tổng quan

Penicillin G (benzylpenicillin) is produced by submerged aerobic fermentation of Penicillium chrysogenum in large-scale stirred-tank bioreactors. Since Alexander Fleming's 1928 discovery, industrial production has been refined to achieve yields over 50 g/L through strain improvement and process optimization. The fermentation typically runs for 6-8 days, followed by extraction, purification, and crystallization. Penicillin G serves as a direct therapeutic agent and as the starting material for semi-synthetic penicillins.

Quy trình hóa học

Penicillium chrysogenum is cultivated in 100,000-200,000 liter bioreactors with continuous feeding of glucose and phenylacetic acid as the side-chain precursor. The broth is filtered, extracted with butyl acetate at pH 2-2.5, and crystallized as the potassium salt.

L-Cysteine + L-Valine + Phenylacetic acid → Penicillin G (enzyme-catalyzed biosynthesis via ACV synthetase, isopenicillin N synthase, and acyltransferase)

Nguyên liệu thô

  • Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) — Corn wet milling (Carbon source)
  • Phenylacetic acid (C₈H₈O₂) — Chemical synthesis (Side-chain precursor)
  • Corn steep liquor — Corn wet milling byproduct (Nitrogen source)

Sản phẩm cuối

  • Penicillin G potassium — Injectable antibiotic and semi-synthetic penicillin precursor (>98% purity by HPLC)
  • 6-APA (6-aminopenicillanic acid) — Core structure for semi-synthetic penicillins (Derived by enzymatic cleavage)
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Environmental Impact

Fermentation generates large volumes of mycelial waste and spent broth requiring treatment. Solvent extraction with butyl acetate produces VOC emissions. Modern facilities use solvent recovery and waste biomass composting to reduce environmental impact.

Lưu ý an toàn

Đổi mới gần đây

Metabolic engineering of Penicillium strains using CRISPR-Cas9 has further improved yields.
Continuous chromatography purification is replacing traditional solvent extraction to reduce chemical waste and improve product quality.

Quy mô sản xuất

30000

tấn/năm

$1.8 billion

giá trị thị trường

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Frequently Asked Questions

What industry uses Sản Xuất Penicillin G bằng Lên Men?
Sản Xuất Penicillin G bằng Lên Men is used in the pharmaceutical & drug manufacturing sector at global industrial scale scale.
What process is involved in Sản Xuất Penicillin G bằng Lên Men?
Penicillium chrysogenum is cultivated in 100,000-200,000 liter bioreactors with continuous feeding of glucose and phenylacetic acid as the side-chain precursor. The broth is filtered, extracted with butyl acetate at pH 2-2.5, and crystallized as the potassium salt.
What is the economic significance of Sản Xuất Penicillin G bằng Lên Men?
Sản Xuất Penicillin G bằng Lên Men has a market value of $1.8 billion and annual production of 30,000 tons.
What is the environmental impact of Sản Xuất Penicillin G bằng Lên Men?
Fermentation generates large volumes of mycelial waste and spent broth requiring treatment. Solvent extraction with butyl acetate produces VOC emissions. Modern facilities use solvent recovery and waste biomass composting to reduce environmental impact.
What raw materials are used in Sản Xuất Penicillin G bằng Lên Men?
The main raw materials include: Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆), Phenylacetic acid (C₈H₈O₂), Corn steep liquor.