암모니아와 이산화탄소로부터 요소 합성

세계에서 가장 많이 소비되는 고체 질소 비료

Agriculture & Fertilizers Global Industrial Scale $60 billion

개요

Urea is the world's most widely used solid nitrogen fertilizer, produced by reacting ammonia with carbon dioxide at high temperature and pressure. The process conveniently uses the CO2 byproduct from hydrogen production in ammonia synthesis, making urea plants typically co-located with ammonia plants. Urea contains 46% nitrogen (the highest of any solid fertilizer), is non-explosive, highly water-soluble, and easy to handle and apply. It is also used in animal feed, urea-formaldehyde resins, and diesel exhaust fluid (DEF/AdBlue).

화학 공정

Ammonia and CO2 (molar ratio 3-4:1) react at 180-210 degrees C and 140-250 bar in a high-pressure reactor to form ammonium carbamate, which dehydrates to urea. Single-pass conversion is approximately 65%. Unconverted carbamate is decomposed and recycled. The urea solution is concentrated by evaporation and formed into prills (spray tower) or granules (fluid bed).

2NH3 + CO2 <=>[180 degrees C, 150 bar] NH2COONH4 (ammonium carbamate formation, fast)
NH2COONH4 <=>[dehydration] CO(NH2)2 + H2O (urea formation, slow, equilibrium limited)

원자재

  • Ammonia (NH3) — Haber-Bosch process (Nitrogen source)
  • Carbon dioxide (CO2) — Byproduct of steam methane reforming for H2 (Carbon source)

최종 제품

  • Urea prills or granules (CO(NH2)2) — Nitrogen fertilizer, animal feed, DEF/AdBlue, resins (46% N, the highest of any solid fertilizer)
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Environmental Impact

Urea application to soil generates N2O (a potent greenhouse gas) through nitrification and denitrification. Ammonia volatilization from surface-applied urea wastes nitrogen and contributes to particulate matter formation. Urease inhibitors and controlled-release coatings can reduce these losses by 30-50%.

안전 고려사항

최근 혁신

Urease inhibitors (NBPT) applied to urea granules reduce ammonia volatilization by 50%.
Polymer-coated urea provides controlled nitrogen release matching crop demand.
CO2 capture from flue gas for urea production could expand supply while reducing emissions.

생산 규모

190000000

톤/년

$60 billion

시장 가치

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Frequently Asked Questions

What industry uses 암모니아와 이산화탄소로부터 요소 합성?
암모니아와 이산화탄소로부터 요소 합성 is used in the agriculture & fertilizers sector at global industrial scale scale.
What process is involved in 암모니아와 이산화탄소로부터 요소 합성?
Ammonia and CO2 (molar ratio 3-4:1) react at 180-210 degrees C and 140-250 bar in a high-pressure reactor to form ammonium carbamate, which dehydrates to urea. Single-pass conversion is approximately 65%. Unconverted carbamate is decomposed and recycled. The urea solution is concentrated by evaporat
What is the economic significance of 암모니아와 이산화탄소로부터 요소 합성?
암모니아와 이산화탄소로부터 요소 합성 has a market value of $60 billion and annual production of 190,000,000 tons.
What is the environmental impact of 암모니아와 이산화탄소로부터 요소 합성?
Urea application to soil generates N2O (a potent greenhouse gas) through nitrification and denitrification. Ammonia volatilization from surface-applied urea wastes nitrogen and contributes to particulate matter formation. Urease inhibitors and controlled-release coatings can reduce these losses by 3
What raw materials are used in 암모니아와 이산화탄소로부터 요소 합성?
The main raw materials include: Ammonia (NH3), Carbon dioxide (CO2).