So Sánh Tốc Độ Khuếch Tán (Định Luật Graham)

So sánh tốc độ khuếch tán của khí HCl và NH₃

Gas Laws Intermediate (High School) 30 phút ~$10,00

Mục tiêu

Xác minh định luật khuếch tán Graham bằng cách so sánh tốc độ khí HCl và NH₃ di chuyển qua ống thủy tinh.

Bối cảnh

Graham's law states that the rate of diffusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its molar mass. When HCl (36.5 g/mol) and NH₃ (17 g/mol) diffuse toward each other in a tube, they form a white ring of NH₄Cl where they meet. The ring forms closer to the HCl end because NH₃ diffuses faster.

Cảnh báo an toàn

  • Concentrated HCl fumes are corrosive and irritating
  • Concentrated ammonia fumes are irritating
  • Perform this experiment in a fume hood or well-ventilated area
  • Do not inhale either gas directly

PPE cần thiết

goggles gloves lab_coat

Vật liệu

  • Concentrated hydrochloric acid (5 mL)
    For HCl fumes
  • Concentrated ammonia solution (5 mL)
    For NH₃ fumes
  • Cotton wool (2 pieces)
    For soaking

Thiết bị

Glass tube (1 m long, 2 cm diameter) Rubber stoppers (2) Ruler Retort stand and clamps Stopwatch

Quy trình

1

Clamp the glass tube horizontally on the retort stand.

3 phút
2

In a fume hood, soak one cotton ball in concentrated HCl and another in concentrated ammonia.

2 phút Fume hood — both gases are irritating
3

Simultaneously insert the HCl cotton ball into one end and the NH₃ cotton ball into the other end. Stopper both ends.

2 phút Work quickly
4

Start the timer. Watch for a white ring of NH₄Cl to form where the two gases meet.

10 phút
5

When the white ring appears, stop the timer. Measure the distance from each end to the ring.

3 phút
6

Calculate the ratio of distances: d(NH₃)/d(HCl) should equal √(M(HCl)/M(NH₃)) = √(36.5/17) = 1.46.

5 phút

Kết quả dự kiến

The white NH₄Cl ring should form approximately 60% of the way from the HCl end (40% from the NH₃ end), since NH₃ diffuses 1.46 times faster than HCl. The ratio d(NH₃)/d(HCl) should be approximately 1.4-1.5.

Dọn dẹp

Remove cotton balls and dispose in fume hood. Rinse the glass tube with water. Ventilate the area.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the objective of So Sánh Tốc Độ Khuếch Tán (Định Luật Graham)?
Xác minh định luật khuếch tán Graham bằng cách so sánh tốc độ khí HCl và NH₃ di chuyển qua ống thủy tinh.
How difficult is So Sánh Tốc Độ Khuếch Tán (Định Luật Graham)?
This experiment is rated as Intermediate (High School). It takes approximately 30 minutes to complete.
What safety precautions are needed for So Sánh Tốc Độ Khuếch Tán (Định Luật Graham)?
Key safety precautions include: Concentrated HCl fumes are corrosive and irritating; Concentrated ammonia fumes are irritating; Perform this experiment in a fume hood or well-ventilated area.
What materials are needed for So Sánh Tốc Độ Khuếch Tán (Định Luật Graham)?
The main materials required are: Concentrated hydrochloric acid, Concentrated ammonia solution, Cotton wool.
What results should I expect from So Sánh Tốc Độ Khuếch Tán (Định Luật Graham)?
The white NH₄Cl ring should form approximately 60% of the way from the HCl end (40% from the NH₃ end), since NH₃ diffuses 1.46 times faster than HCl. The ratio d(NH₃)/d(HCl) should be approximately 1.4-1.5.