Hòa Tan Không Phải Lúc Nào Cũng Tỏa Nhiệt
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So sánh biến thiên nhiệt độ khi hòa tan các muối khác nhau
Mục tiêu
So sánh entanpi hòa tan của các muối khác nhau (NaOH, CaCl₂, NH₄NO₃, KNO₃) để chứng tỏ quá trình hòa tan có thể tỏa nhiệt hoặc thu nhiệt.
Bối cảnh
Students often assume dissolving always releases heat. This experiment tests four salts: NaOH and CaCl₂ dissolve exothermically (temperature rises), while NH₄NO₃ and KNO₃ dissolve endothermically (temperature drops). The results illustrate that lattice energy vs hydration energy determines the sign of ΔH.
Cảnh báo an toàn
- NaOH is extremely corrosive
- NH₄NO₃ is an oxidizer
- Wear goggles and gloves
PPE cần thiết
Vật liệu
-
Sodium hydroxide pellets (10 g)Exothermic
-
Calcium chloride (10 g)Exothermic
-
Ammonium nitrate (10 g)Endothermic
-
Potassium nitrate (10 g)Endothermic
-
Distilled water (400 mL)
Thiết bị
Quy trình
Add 100 mL water to each of four labeled cups. Record the initial temperature of each.
Add 10 g NaOH to cup 1. Stir and record the maximum temperature.
Add 10 g CaCl₂ to cup 2. Stir and record the maximum temperature.
Add 10 g NH₄NO₃ to cup 3. Stir and record the minimum temperature.
Add 10 g KNO₃ to cup 4. Stir and record the minimum temperature.
Create a table ranking the salts from most exothermic to most endothermic.
Discuss why some dissolve exothermically and others endothermically (lattice energy vs hydration energy).
Kết quả dự kiến
NaOH: +15-20°C rise. CaCl₂: +10-15°C rise. NH₄NO₃: -15-20°C drop. KNO₃: -5-10°C drop. Clear demonstration that dissolution can be either exothermic or endothermic.
Dọn dẹp
NaOH and CaCl₂ solutions should be neutralized before disposal. All solutions can be poured down the drain after dilution.
Chi tiết
- Danh mục
- Thermochemistry
- Độ khó
- Beginner (Middle School)
- Thời gian
- 25 phút
- Chi phí ước tính
- $8,00
- Số bước
- 7
- Vật liệu
- 5