Hòa Tan Không Phải Lúc Nào Cũng Tỏa Nhiệt

So sánh biến thiên nhiệt độ khi hòa tan các muối khác nhau

Thermochemistry Beginner (Middle School) 25 phút ~$8,00

Mục tiêu

So sánh entanpi hòa tan của các muối khác nhau (NaOH, CaCl₂, NH₄NO₃, KNO₃) để chứng tỏ quá trình hòa tan có thể tỏa nhiệt hoặc thu nhiệt.

Bối cảnh

Students often assume dissolving always releases heat. This experiment tests four salts: NaOH and CaCl₂ dissolve exothermically (temperature rises), while NH₄NO₃ and KNO₃ dissolve endothermically (temperature drops). The results illustrate that lattice energy vs hydration energy determines the sign of ΔH.

Cảnh báo an toàn

  • NaOH is extremely corrosive
  • NH₄NO₃ is an oxidizer
  • Wear goggles and gloves

PPE cần thiết

goggles gloves

Vật liệu

  • Sodium hydroxide pellets (10 g)
    Exothermic
  • Calcium chloride (10 g)
    Exothermic
  • Ammonium nitrate (10 g)
    Endothermic
  • Potassium nitrate (10 g)
    Endothermic
  • Distilled water (400 mL)

Thiết bị

4 polystyrene cups Thermometer Stirring rod Analytical balance

Quy trình

1

Add 100 mL water to each of four labeled cups. Record the initial temperature of each.

5 phút
2

Add 10 g NaOH to cup 1. Stir and record the maximum temperature.

3 phút Very exothermic — NaOH is corrosive
3

Add 10 g CaCl₂ to cup 2. Stir and record the maximum temperature.

3 phút
4

Add 10 g NH₄NO₃ to cup 3. Stir and record the minimum temperature.

3 phút
5

Add 10 g KNO₃ to cup 4. Stir and record the minimum temperature.

3 phút
6

Create a table ranking the salts from most exothermic to most endothermic.

3 phút
7

Discuss why some dissolve exothermically and others endothermically (lattice energy vs hydration energy).

5 phút

Kết quả dự kiến

NaOH: +15-20°C rise. CaCl₂: +10-15°C rise. NH₄NO₃: -15-20°C drop. KNO₃: -5-10°C drop. Clear demonstration that dissolution can be either exothermic or endothermic.

Dọn dẹp

NaOH and CaCl₂ solutions should be neutralized before disposal. All solutions can be poured down the drain after dilution.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the objective of Hòa Tan Không Phải Lúc Nào Cũng Tỏa Nhiệt?
So sánh entanpi hòa tan của các muối khác nhau (NaOH, CaCl₂, NH₄NO₃, KNO₃) để chứng tỏ quá trình hòa tan có thể tỏa nhiệt hoặc thu nhiệt.
How difficult is Hòa Tan Không Phải Lúc Nào Cũng Tỏa Nhiệt?
This experiment is rated as Beginner (Middle School). It takes approximately 25 minutes to complete.
What safety precautions are needed for Hòa Tan Không Phải Lúc Nào Cũng Tỏa Nhiệt?
Key safety precautions include: NaOH is extremely corrosive; NH₄NO₃ is an oxidizer; Wear goggles and gloves.
What materials are needed for Hòa Tan Không Phải Lúc Nào Cũng Tỏa Nhiệt?
The main materials required are: Sodium hydroxide pellets, Calcium chloride, Ammonium nitrate, Potassium nitrate, Distilled water.
What results should I expect from Hòa Tan Không Phải Lúc Nào Cũng Tỏa Nhiệt?
NaOH: +15-20°C rise. CaCl₂: +10-15°C rise. NH₄NO₃: -15-20°C drop. KNO₃: -5-10°C drop. Clear demonstration that dissolution can be either exothermic or endothermic.