광전지 실리콘 태양전지 제조

Crystalline silicon solar cells are manufactured through a series of chemical and physical processes that create a p-n junction on a silicon wafer for photovoltaic electricity generation. The manufacturing chain spans polysilicon production, ingot growth, wafer cutting, surface texturing, phosphorus diffusion, anti-reflection coating (SiNx), metallization, and testing. Solar photovoltaics are now the cheapest source of electricity in most of the world, with module costs dropping 99% since 1976. Over 400 GW of solar capacity was installed globally in 2024.

TOPCon (tunnel oxide passivated contact) and HJT (heterojunction) cell architectures are pushing efficiencies above 26%.
Perovskite-silicon tandem cells target 30%+ efficiency.
Copper metallization is being developed to replace costly silver.
Thinner wafers (120 microns) reduce silicon consumption per watt.