목표
다양한 염(NaOH, CaCl₂, NH₄NO₃, KNO₃)의 용해 엔탈피를 비교하여 용해가 발열 또는 흡열 과정이 될 수 있음을 보인다.
배경
Students often assume dissolving always releases heat. This experiment tests four salts: NaOH and CaCl₂ dissolve exothermically (temperature rises), while NH₄NO₃ and KNO₃ dissolve endothermically (temperature drops). The results illustrate that lattice energy vs hydration energy determines the sign of ΔH.
안전 경고
- NaOH is extremely corrosive
- NH₄NO₃ is an oxidizer
- Wear goggles and gloves
필수 개인 보호 장비
재료
-
Sodium hydroxide pellets (10 g)Exothermic
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Calcium chloride (10 g)Exothermic
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Ammonium nitrate (10 g)Endothermic
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Potassium nitrate (10 g)Endothermic
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Distilled water (400 mL)
장비
실험 절차
Add 100 mL water to each of four labeled cups. Record the initial temperature of each.
Add 10 g NaOH to cup 1. Stir and record the maximum temperature.
Add 10 g CaCl₂ to cup 2. Stir and record the maximum temperature.
Add 10 g NH₄NO₃ to cup 3. Stir and record the minimum temperature.
Add 10 g KNO₃ to cup 4. Stir and record the minimum temperature.
Create a table ranking the salts from most exothermic to most endothermic.
Discuss why some dissolve exothermically and others endothermically (lattice energy vs hydration energy).
예상 결과
NaOH: +15-20°C rise. CaCl₂: +10-15°C rise. NH₄NO₃: -15-20°C drop. KNO₃: -5-10°C drop. Clear demonstration that dissolution can be either exothermic or endothermic.
정리
NaOH and CaCl₂ solutions should be neutralized before disposal. All solutions can be poured down the drain after dilution.
세부 정보
- 카테고리
- Thermochemistry
- 난이도
- Beginner (Middle School)
- 소요 시간
- 25 분
- 예상 비용
- $8.00
- 단계
- 7
- 재료
- 5