Single Replacement Reactions — Trading Partners
25개의 반응
In a single replacement (single displacement) reaction, a free element replaces another element within a compound. The general form is A + BC -> AC + B, where element A displaces element B. Whether a reaction occurs depends on the relative reactivity of the elements — the activity series of metals (or halogens) predicts which replacements are thermodynamically favorable. This concept is central to electrochemistry and corrosion science.
반응 메커니즘
The activity series ranks elements by their tendency to lose electrons (be oxidized). A more reactive metal displaces a less reactive one from solution. Zinc (higher in the activity series) displaces copper from copper sulfate solution: Zn + CuSO4 -> ZnSO4 + Cu. The zinc atoms lose electrons and go into solution as Zn2+ ions, while Cu2+ ions gain those electrons and deposit as solid copper. This electron transfer makes single replacement reactions a subset of redox reactions.
일상 속 사례
Dropping a steel nail into copper sulfate solution turns the nail copper-colored as iron displaces copper. Galvanized steel uses zinc coatings that preferentially corrode instead of the underlying iron — a sacrificial single replacement. The thermite reaction (2Al + Fe2O3 -> Al2O3 + 2Fe) is a dramatic single replacement used in welding railroad tracks, reaching temperatures above 2,500 degrees C.
산업적 중요성
Hydrometallurgy uses single replacement to extract metals from ores. Copper cementation recovers copper from mine drainage by passing it over scrap iron. The Kroll process extracts titanium by reducing titanium tetrachloride with magnesium. Single replacement principles underpin all galvanic cells (batteries) — the difference in reactivity between two metals creates the voltage that powers our devices.
Safety Note
Some single replacement reactions are violent — alkali metals react vigorously with water, and the thermite reaction produces molten iron. Always check the activity series before attempting displacement reactions and use appropriate shielding for exothermic reactions.
플루오린이 염화나트륨에서 염소를 치환
F₂ + 2NaCl → 2NaF + Cl₂
Fluorine, the most reactive element, displaces chlorine from sodium chloride to form sodium fluoride and chlorine gas. Fluorine is so …
마그네슘과 수증기의 반응
Mg + H₂O → MgO + H₂
Magnesium reacts with steam to produce magnesium oxide and hydrogen gas. The reaction is vigorous and highly exothermic. Hot magnesium …
마그네슘과 염산의 반응
Mg + 2HCl → MgCl₂ + H₂
Magnesium reacts vigorously with hydrochloric acid to produce magnesium chloride and hydrogen gas. The reaction is highly exothermic and proceeds …
마그네슘과 질산의 반응
Mg + 2HNO₃ → Mg(NO₃)₂ + H₂
Magnesium reacts with dilute nitric acid to produce magnesium nitrate and hydrogen gas. With concentrated HNO3, nitrogen oxides form instead …
마그네슘과 황산의 반응
Mg + H₂SO₄ → MgSO₄ + H₂
Magnesium reacts vigorously with dilute sulfuric acid to produce magnesium sulfate (Epsom salt) and hydrogen gas. The reaction is rapid …
알루미늄과 염산의 반응
2Al + 6HCl → 2AlCl₃ + 3H₂
Aluminum reacts with hydrochloric acid to produce aluminum chloride and hydrogen gas. The reaction requires the initial dissolution of the …
용광로에서 탄소에 의한 산화 철 환원
2Fe₂O₃ + 3C → 4Fe + 3CO₂
Carbon (from coke) reduces iron(III) oxide to produce iron metal and carbon dioxide. This is the simplified overall reaction in …
알루미늄에 의한 산화 크로뮴 환원 (알루미늄테르밋)
2Al + Cr₂O₃ → Al₂O₃ + 2Cr
Aluminum reduces chromium(III) oxide in an aluminothermic reaction similar to the iron thermite reaction. The reaction produces aluminum oxide and …
나트륨과 물의 반응
2Na + 2H₂O → 2NaOH + H₂
Sodium metal reacts violently with water to produce sodium hydroxide and hydrogen gas. The reaction is so exothermic that the …
염소가 아이오딘화칼륨에서 아이오딘을 치환
Cl₂ + 2KI → 2KCl + I₂
Chlorine displaces iodine from potassium iodide solution because chlorine is more electronegative and a stronger oxidizer than iodine. The solution …
염소가 브로민화나트륨에서 브로민을 치환
Cl₂ + 2NaBr → 2NaCl + Br₂
Chlorine gas displaces bromine from sodium bromide solution because chlorine is a stronger oxidizing agent than bromine. The colorless solution …
아연이 황산구리에서 구리를 치환
Zn + CuSO₄ → ZnSO₄ + Cu
Zinc metal displaces copper from copper sulfate solution because zinc is more reactive than copper in the activity series. The …
구리가 질산은에서 은을 치환
Cu + 2AgNO₃ → Cu(NO₃)₂ + 2Ag
Copper metal displaces silver from silver nitrate solution because copper is more reactive than silver. Silver crystals grow on the …
아연과 염산의 반응
Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl₂ + H₂
Zinc granules react with hydrochloric acid to produce zinc chloride and hydrogen gas. This is a moderately vigorous reaction commonly …
아연과 황산의 반응
Zn + H₂SO₄ → ZnSO₄ + H₂
Zinc reacts with dilute sulfuric acid to produce zinc sulfate and hydrogen gas. This is a straightforward single replacement reaction …
주석과 염산의 반응
Sn + 2HCl → SnCl₂ + H₂
Tin reacts slowly with hydrochloric acid to produce tin(II) chloride (stannous chloride) and hydrogen gas. Tin is relatively low in …
리튬과 물의 반응
2Li + 2H₂O → 2LiOH + H₂
Lithium reacts steadily with water to produce lithium hydroxide and hydrogen gas. While still vigorous, lithium is the least reactive …
칼륨과 물의 반응
2K + 2H₂O → 2KOH + H₂
Potassium reacts even more violently with water than sodium, instantly producing potassium hydroxide and hydrogen gas. The hydrogen ignites immediately …
칼슘과 물의 반응
Ca + 2H₂O → Ca(OH)₂ + H₂
Calcium reacts with water to produce calcium hydroxide (limewater) and hydrogen gas. The reaction is moderately vigorous, producing a milky …
수소에 의한 산화 구리 환원
H₂ + CuO → Cu + H₂O
Hydrogen gas reduces copper(II) oxide to metallic copper and water when heated. The black copper oxide powder turns to reddish-brown …
철이 황산구리에서 구리를 치환
Fe + CuSO₄ → FeSO₄ + Cu
Iron metal replaces copper in copper sulfate solution because iron is higher in the reactivity series than copper. An iron …
납이 질산은에서 은을 치환
Pb + 2AgNO₃ → Pb(NO₃)₂ + 2Ag
Lead metal displaces silver from silver nitrate solution, demonstrating that lead is more reactive than silver. Silver crystals deposit on …
철과 염산의 반응
Fe + 2HCl → FeCl₂ + H₂
Iron dissolves in hydrochloric acid to produce iron(II) chloride and hydrogen gas. The reaction proceeds at a moderate rate, producing …
철과 염화구리(II)의 반응
Fe + CuCl₂ → FeCl₂ + Cu
Iron replaces copper in copper(II) chloride solution because iron is more reactive. The green copper(II) chloride solution turns pale green …
알루미늄과 산화철(III)의 반응 (테르밋)
2Al + Fe₂O₃ → Al₂O₃ + 2Fe
The thermite reaction involves aluminum reducing iron(III) oxide to produce aluminum oxide and molten iron. This spectacularly exothermic reaction generates …