확산 속도 비교(그레이엄의 법칙)

HCl과 NH₃ 기체의 확산 속도 비교하기

Gas Laws Intermediate (High School) 30 분 ~$10.00

목표

HCl과 NH₃ 기체가 유리관 안을 이동하는 속도를 비교하여 그레이엄의 확산 법칙을 검증한다.

배경

Graham's law states that the rate of diffusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its molar mass. When HCl (36.5 g/mol) and NH₃ (17 g/mol) diffuse toward each other in a tube, they form a white ring of NH₄Cl where they meet. The ring forms closer to the HCl end because NH₃ diffuses faster.

안전 경고

  • Concentrated HCl fumes are corrosive and irritating
  • Concentrated ammonia fumes are irritating
  • Perform this experiment in a fume hood or well-ventilated area
  • Do not inhale either gas directly

필수 개인 보호 장비

goggles gloves lab_coat

재료

  • Concentrated hydrochloric acid (5 mL)
    For HCl fumes
  • Concentrated ammonia solution (5 mL)
    For NH₃ fumes
  • Cotton wool (2 pieces)
    For soaking

장비

Glass tube (1 m long, 2 cm diameter) Rubber stoppers (2) Ruler Retort stand and clamps Stopwatch

실험 절차

1

Clamp the glass tube horizontally on the retort stand.

3 분
2

In a fume hood, soak one cotton ball in concentrated HCl and another in concentrated ammonia.

2 분 Fume hood — both gases are irritating
3

Simultaneously insert the HCl cotton ball into one end and the NH₃ cotton ball into the other end. Stopper both ends.

2 분 Work quickly
4

Start the timer. Watch for a white ring of NH₄Cl to form where the two gases meet.

10 분
5

When the white ring appears, stop the timer. Measure the distance from each end to the ring.

3 분
6

Calculate the ratio of distances: d(NH₃)/d(HCl) should equal √(M(HCl)/M(NH₃)) = √(36.5/17) = 1.46.

5 분

예상 결과

The white NH₄Cl ring should form approximately 60% of the way from the HCl end (40% from the NH₃ end), since NH₃ diffuses 1.46 times faster than HCl. The ratio d(NH₃)/d(HCl) should be approximately 1.4-1.5.

정리

Remove cotton balls and dispose in fume hood. Rinse the glass tube with water. Ventilate the area.

세부 정보

카테고리
Gas Laws
난이도
Intermediate (High School)
소요 시간
30 분
예상 비용
$10.00
단계
6
재료
3

더 많은 실험

마그네슘을 이용한 기체 화학양론 40 min 데카르트 잠수함 15 min 증기압과 끓는점 45 min 풍선으로 보는 샤를의 법칙 30 min 보일의 법칙 검증 40 min 표준 상태에서 기체의 몰부피 35 min 수소 기체 포집 35 min CO₂와 석회수 시험 20 min

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the objective of 확산 속도 비교(그레이엄의 법칙)?
HCl과 NH₃ 기체가 유리관 안을 이동하는 속도를 비교하여 그레이엄의 확산 법칙을 검증한다.
How difficult is 확산 속도 비교(그레이엄의 법칙)?
This experiment is rated as Intermediate (High School). It takes approximately 30 minutes to complete.
What safety precautions are needed for 확산 속도 비교(그레이엄의 법칙)?
Key safety precautions include: Concentrated HCl fumes are corrosive and irritating; Concentrated ammonia fumes are irritating; Perform this experiment in a fume hood or well-ventilated area.
What materials are needed for 확산 속도 비교(그레이엄의 법칙)?
The main materials required are: Concentrated hydrochloric acid, Concentrated ammonia solution, Cotton wool.
What results should I expect from 확산 속도 비교(그레이엄의 법칙)?
The white NH₄Cl ring should form approximately 60% of the way from the HCl end (40% from the NH₃ end), since NH₃ diffuses 1.46 times faster than HCl. The ratio d(NH₃)/d(HCl) should be approximately 1.4-1.5.