Nitration of Benzene

C6H6 + HNO3 → C6H5NO2 + H2O

개요

Benzene undergoes electrophilic aromatic substitution with nitric acid in the presence of sulfuric acid to form nitrobenzene. The active electrophile is the nitronium ion (NO₂⁺) generated by protonation of HNO₃. The reaction temperature must be carefully controlled to avoid dinitration.

참여 물질

역할 물질 계수 상태
반응물 Benzene C₆H₆ 1 (l)
반응물 Nitric Acid HNO₃ 1 (aq)
생성물 Water H₂O 1 (l)

일상 속 예시

Nitrobenzene has a bitter almond odor and was once used in shoe polish and floor wax. TNT is made by trinitration of toluene.

산업적 중요성

나이트로벤젠은 아닐린 제조의 전구체로, 아닐린은 폴리우레탄, 고무 가황 촉진제, 아조 염료, 의약품의 원료입니다. TNT(트리나이트로톨루엔) 등 폭발물 합성의 기초 반응이기도 합니다.

성질

유형
Organic
가역 반응
아니오
에너지
발열
ΔH
-117.0 kJ/mol
촉매
H₂SO₄ (generates NO₂⁺)

관련 반응

Epoxidation of Alkenes (mCPBA) Swern Oxidation Oxidation of Secondary Alcohol to Ketone E2 Elimination (Dehydrohalogenation) Claisen Condensation (Ethyl Acetate) Aldol Condensation of Acetaldehyde Kolbe Electrolysis Baeyer-Villiger Oxidation Beckmann Rearrangement (Cyclohexanone Oxime) Dehydration of Ethanol

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the equation for Nitration of Benzene?
The balanced equation is: C₆H₆ + HNO₃ → C₆H₅NO₂ + H₂O.
What type of reaction is Nitration of Benzene?
Nitration of Benzene is a organic reaction.
Is Nitration of Benzene exothermic or endothermic?
Nitration of Benzene is exothermic (releases energy). The enthalpy change (ΔH) is -117.0 kJ/mol.
What conditions are needed for Nitration of Benzene?
This reaction requires a catalyst (H₂SO₄ (generates NO₂⁺)).