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Hydrochloric acid is a strong mineral acid found naturally in gastric acid. It is one of the most commonly used …

Ozone is an allotrope of oxygen with three atoms per molecule. Stratospheric ozone shields Earth from UV radiation, while ground-level …

Methane is the simplest hydrocarbon and the primary component of natural gas. It is a potent greenhouse gas, approximately 80× …

Butane is a four-carbon alkane used as lighter fuel and aerosol propellant. It exists as two isomers: n-butane and isobutane.

Silane is the silicon analog of methane. It is pyrophoric (spontaneously ignites in air) and essential in semiconductor manufacturing.

Arsine is an extremely toxic gas used in the semiconductor industry for gallium arsenide production. It is the most toxic …

Ethane is a two-carbon alkane, the second simplest hydrocarbon. It is used primarily as a feedstock for ethylene production through …

Ethylene is the simplest alkene and the most produced organic compound worldwide. It is the key monomer for polyethylene plastic.

Phosgene is a toxic, colorless gas that smells like freshly mown hay. It was used as a chemical weapon in …

Phosphine is a toxic gas with a garlic or rotten fish odor. Its detection in Venus's atmosphere in 2020 sparked …

Methylamine is the simplest primary amine with a strong fishy odor. It is an important building block for pharmaceuticals and …

Acetylene is the simplest alkyne, producing an extremely hot flame (3,300°C) when burned with oxygen. It is used in welding …

Ammonia is a pungent gas and one of the most produced industrial chemicals. It is the basis of the fertilizer …

Sulfur dioxide is a toxic gas with a pungent smell, produced by volcanic eruptions and industrial processes. It is a …

Propane is a three-carbon alkane commonly used as LPG fuel. It liquefies under moderate pressure, making it easy to store …

Hydrogen sulfide is a toxic gas with a distinctive rotten egg smell. It is produced by bacterial decomposition and found …

Diborane is a colorless, pyrophoric gas with three-center two-electron bonds that challenged classical bonding theory. Its unusual 'banana bond' structure …

Boron trichloride is a colorless gas that fumes in moist air and is used as a catalyst in organic synthesis …

Nitrogen dioxide is a reddish-brown toxic gas with a sharp, biting odor. It is a major air pollutant from vehicle …

Carbon dioxide is a colorless gas vital to life on Earth. It is produced by combustion, respiration, and volcanic activity, …

Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless, toxic gas produced by incomplete combustion. It binds to hemoglobin 200 times more strongly …

Dimethylamine is a secondary amine with a fishy, ammoniacal odor. It is used to synthesize dimethylformamide, pesticides, and pharmaceuticals.

Formaldehyde is the simplest aldehyde, used in resins and as a preservative. Formalin (37% formaldehyde in water) is used to …

Hydrobromic acid is a strong acid used in organic synthesis and as a catalyst. It is the second strongest hydrohalic …

SF₆ is an extremely stable, non-toxic, non-flammable gas with the highest known dielectric strength. It is used as an electrical …

Boron trifluoride is a powerful Lewis acid used as a catalyst in organic chemistry. Its electron-deficient boron atom accepts electron …

NF₃ is a colorless gas widely used in the semiconductor industry for plasma etching and chamber cleaning of chemical vapor …

Hydrofluoric acid is unique among hydrohalic acids — it is weak but extremely dangerous. It can dissolve glass and penetrate …

Methyl bromide was one of the most effective soil fumigants until being phased out under the Montreal Protocol for ozone …

Nitrous oxide (laughing gas) is used as an anesthetic in dentistry and as a propellant in whipped cream cans. It …

Nitric oxide is a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system. Its discovery as a biological messenger won the 1998 Nobel …

Ethylene oxide is a cyclic ether and the simplest epoxide. It is one of the most versatile chemical intermediates, used …

Vinyl chloride is the monomer used to produce PVC, one of the world's most used plastics. It is a colorless …

Freon-12 (CFC-12) was the most widely used refrigerant until the Montreal Protocol banned it for depleting the ozone layer. It …

1,3-Butadiene is a key monomer for synthetic rubber including styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) used in automobile tires.