Síntesis de Aspirina por Acetilación del Ácido Salicílico
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El analgésico más utilizado en el mundo
Descripción general
Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) is manufactured through the acetylation of salicylic acid with acetic anhydride. First synthesized by Felix Hoffmann at Bayer in 1897, aspirin remains one of the most consumed medications worldwide. The industrial process uses batch reactors with precise temperature control to achieve high yields and pharmaceutical-grade purity. Annual consumption exceeds 40,000 tons globally, used as an analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, and antiplatelet agent.
Proceso químico
Salicylic acid reacts with acetic anhydride in the presence of an acid catalyst (phosphoric or sulfuric acid) at 85-90 degrees C. The product is purified by recrystallization from ethanol-water mixtures.
Materias primas
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Salicylic acid (C₇H₆O₃) — Kolbe-Schmitt reaction from phenol (Reactant)
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Acetic anhydride ((CH₃CO)₂O) — Ketene process (Acetylating agent)
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Phosphoric acid (H₃PO₄) — Wet process from phosphate rock (Catalyst)
Productos finales
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Acetylsalicylic acid (C₉H₈O₄) — Analgesic and antiplatelet drug (USP grade, >99.5% purity)
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Acetic acid (CH₃COOH) — Recycled or sold as byproduct (Recovered by distillation)
Environmental Impact
The synthesis generates acetic acid as a byproduct, which is typically recovered and recycled. Solvent use in recrystallization contributes to VOC emissions, though modern plants use closed-loop solvent recovery. Overall environmental footprint is moderate compared to more complex pharmaceuticals.
Consideraciones de seguridad
- ⚠ Acetic anhydride is a lachrymator and corrosive
- ⚠ Phosphoric acid causes burns on contact
- ⚠ Dust explosion risk with fine aspirin powder
- ⚠ Controlled substance precursor — acetic anhydride regulated in many countries
Innovaciones recientes
Continuous flow synthesis methods have been developed to replace traditional batch processing, offering better heat transfer, reduced reaction times, and improved safety.
Green chemistry approaches using ionic liquid catalysts are being explored to eliminate acid waste.
Escala de producción
44000
toneladas/año
$1.3 billion
valor de mercado
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