Compuestos químicos
10 compuestos
Acetamida
C₂H₅NOAcetamide is the simplest amide derived from acetic acid. It is used as a plasticizer, solvent, and industrial chemical intermediate.
Acetato de calcio
Ca(C₂H₃O₂)₂Calcium acetate is a calcium salt of acetic acid used medicinally as a phosphate binder for patients with kidney disease. …
Acetato de sodio
CH₃COONaSodium acetate is the sodium salt of acetic acid, used in food preservation, heating pads, and as a buffer. Supersaturated …
Ácido adípico
C₆H₁₀O₄Adipic acid is the most commercially important dicarboxylic acid. It is a key monomer for nylon-6,6 production, combined with hexamethylenediamine. …
Ácido alfa-cetoglutárico
C₅H₆O₅Alpha-ketoglutarate is a key intermediate in the citric acid cycle and plays a central role in amino acid metabolism through …
Ácido ascórbico
C₆H₈O₆Ascorbic acid, or Vitamin C, is an essential nutrient and powerful antioxidant. Humans cannot synthesize it and must obtain it …
Ácido aspártico
C₄H₇NO₄Aspartic acid is a non-essential amino acid that plays a key role in the urea cycle and nucleotide synthesis. It …
Ácido benzoico
C₇H₆O₂Benzoic acid is the simplest aromatic carboxylic acid. Its sodium salt is one of the most common food preservatives worldwide.
Ácido bórico
H₃BO₃Boric acid is a weak, monobasic Lewis acid of boron. It is used as an antiseptic, insecticide, and flame retardant, …
Ácido cítrico
C₆H₈O₇Citric acid is a weak organic acid found in citrus fruits. It is a key intermediate in the Krebs cycle …
Ácido esteárico
C₁₈H₃₆O₂Stearic acid is one of the most common saturated fatty acids found in animal and vegetable fats. It is widely …
Ácido fenilacético
C₈H₈O₂Phenylacetic acid is an organic acid with a honey-like odor that is a precursor to penicillin G. It is a …
Ácido fólico
C₁₉H₁₉N₇O₆Folic acid (Vitamin B9) is essential for DNA synthesis and cell division. Mandatory food fortification has dramatically reduced neural tube …
Ácido fosfórico
H₃PO₄Phosphoric acid is a weak triprotic acid commonly used in soft drinks and fertilizers. It gives cola beverages their characteristic …
Ácido ftálico
C₈H₆O₄Phthalic acid is an aromatic dicarboxylic acid primarily used to make phthalate plasticizers and polyester resins. Its anhydride is a …
Ácido fumárico
C₄H₄O₄Fumaric acid is the trans isomer of butenedioic acid and an intermediate in the citric acid cycle. It is used …
Ácido glicólico
C₂H₄O₃Glycolic acid is the smallest alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA), widely used in skincare for chemical peeling. It has the best skin …
Ácido glutámico
C₅H₉NO₄Glutamic acid is a non-essential amino acid that is the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Its sodium salt, …
Ácido maleico
C₄H₄O₄Maleic acid is the cis isomer of butenedioic acid and a key industrial chemical. Its anhydride is one of the …
Ácido málico
C₄H₆O₅Malic acid is responsible for the sour taste of green apples. Its name derives from Latin 'malum' (apple) and it …
Ácido oxalacético
C₄H₄O₅Oxaloacetate is essential for the citric acid cycle, condensing with acetyl-CoA to form citrate. It also serves as a gluconeogenesis …
Ácido oxálico
C₂H₂O₄Oxalic acid is the simplest dicarboxylic acid, found naturally in many plants including rhubarb and spinach. It is used as …
Ácido palmítico
C₁₆H₃₂O₂Palmitic acid is the most common saturated fatty acid found in animals, plants, and microorganisms. It was first discovered in …
Ácido peryódico
HIO₄Periodic acid is a powerful and selective oxidizer that cleaves 1,2-diols. It is essential in carbohydrate chemistry for structural analysis.
Ácido poliláctico
(C₃H₄O₂)ₙPLA is a biodegradable polymer made from corn starch or sugarcane. It is the most widely used bioplastic, found in …
Ácido salicílico
C₇H₆O₃Salicylic acid is derived from willow bark and is the precursor to aspirin. It is widely used in skincare products …
Ácido succínico
C₄H₆O₄Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid that plays a key role in the citric acid cycle. It is increasingly produced …
Ácido tartárico
C₄H₆O₆Tartaric acid occurs naturally in grapes and is a key component of wine. It is used in food as an …
Ácido tereftálico
C₈H₆O₄Terephthalic acid (TPA) is the most widely produced aromatic dicarboxylic acid, with over 80 million tonnes produced annually for PET …
Ácido úrico
C₅H₄N₄O₃Uric acid is the end product of purine metabolism in humans. High blood levels cause gout — painful crystal deposits …
Acrilamida
C₃H₅NOAcrylamide is a key monomer for polyacrylamide, used in water treatment and gel electrophoresis. It also forms in starchy foods …
Adenina
C₅H₅N₅Adenine is a purine nucleobase that pairs with thymine in DNA and uracil in RNA. It is one of the …
Alanina
C₃H₇NO₂Alanine is a non-essential amino acid that is one of the most abundant amino acids in proteins. It plays a …
Alcanfor
C₁₀H₁₆OCamphor is a waxy terpene with a strong aromatic odor, obtained from the camphor laurel tree. It has been used …
Alginato de sodio
(C₆H₇NaO₆)ₙSodium alginate is a natural polysaccharide from brown seaweed used as a thickener, gelling agent, and in molecular gastronomy for …
Alizarina
C₁₄H₈O₄Alizarin is a red dye historically obtained from madder root. The first commercial synthesis of alizarin in 1869 was a …
Almidón
(C₆H₁₀O₅)ₙStarch is a polysaccharide that plants use to store energy. It consists of two polymers: amylose (linear) and amylopectin (branched). …
Aluminato de sodio
NaAlO₂Sodium aluminate is an important intermediate in the Bayer process for producing alumina from bauxite ore. It is formed when …
Amoxicilina
C₁₆H₁₉N₃O₅SAmoxicillin is the most commonly prescribed antibiotic worldwide. It is a penicillin derivative with a broader spectrum of activity than …
Anhídrido ftálico
C₈H₄O₃Phthalic anhydride is one of the most important industrial organic chemicals, used to make plasticizers, alkyd resins, and dyes.
Anhídrido maleico
C₄H₂O₃Maleic anhydride is a key industrial chemical used to make unsaturated polyester resins, coatings, and agricultural chemicals.
Arginina
C₆H₁₄N₄O₂Arginine is a conditionally essential amino acid that is a precursor to nitric oxide, a key signaling molecule for blood …
Arseniuro de galio
GaAsGallium arsenide is a semiconductor with superior electron mobility compared to silicon. It is used in solar cells, LEDs, laser …
Asparagina
C₄H₈N₂O₃Asparagine was the first amino acid to be isolated, discovered in asparagus juice in 1806. It plays a role in …
Aspartamo
C₁₄H₁₈N₂O₅Aspartame is an artificial sweetener about 200 times sweeter than sugar. It is used in over 6,000 food products worldwide.
Aspirina
C₉H₈O₄Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) is one of the most widely used medications. It reduces pain, fever, and inflammation by inhibiting COX …
Atorvastatina
C₃₃H₃₅FN₂O₅Atorvastatin (Lipitor) was the best-selling pharmaceutical in history, generating over $125 billion in revenue. It lowers cholesterol by inhibiting HMG-CoA …
Atrazina
C₈H₁₄ClN₅Atrazine is the second most widely used herbicide in the US, primarily on corn. It is banned in the EU …
Azida de sodio
NaN₃Sodium azide is a white crystalline salt that decomposes rapidly when heated, producing nitrogen gas. This property makes it the …
Azul de bromotimol
C₂₇H₂₈Br₂O₅SBromothymol blue is a pH indicator that is yellow below pH 6.0 and blue above pH 7.6. It is widely …
Azul de metileno
C₁₆H₁₈ClN₃SMethylene blue is a synthetic dye with important medical applications. It is used to treat methemoglobinemia and is on the …
Benzoato de sodio
C₇H₅NaO₂Sodium benzoate (E211) is the most widely used food preservative globally, found in soft drinks, condiments, and cosmetics. It inhibits …
Beta-caroteno
C₄₀H₅₆Beta-carotene is the orange pigment in carrots and the most important provitamin A carotenoid. The body converts it to retinol …
Bicarbonato de amonio
NH₄HCO₃Ammonium bicarbonate is a leavening agent that decomposes completely to gases when heated, leaving no residue. It is used in …
Bicarbonato de sodio
NaHCO₃Sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) is a mild base used in cooking, cleaning, and medicine. It decomposes above 50°C releasing CO₂.
Biotina
C₁₀H₁₆N₂O₃SBiotin, or Vitamin B7, is a cofactor for carboxylase enzymes. It is widely marketed as a supplement for hair and …
Bisfenol A
C₁₅H₁₆O₂Bisphenol A is a chemical used to make polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. It has come under intense scrutiny as …
Bitartrato de potasio
KHC₄H₄O₆Potassium bitartrate, known as cream of tartar, is a byproduct of winemaking that crystallizes in wine barrels. It is the …
Borohidruro de sodio
NaBH₄Sodium borohydride is a milder and safer reducing agent than LiAlH4. It selectively reduces aldehydes and ketones while leaving esters …
Bromuro de sodio
NaBrSodium bromide is a white crystalline salt used in drilling fluids, photography, and as a pharmaceutical sedative. It was the …
Cafeína
C₈H₁₀N₄O₂Caffeine is the world's most widely consumed psychoactive substance. It is a purine alkaloid that blocks adenosine receptors, reducing drowsiness.
Caolinita
Al₂Si₂O₅(OH)₄Kaolinite is a clay mineral used in paper coating, ceramics, and medicine. Kaolin clay gives porcelain its white color and …
Caprolactama
C₆H₁₁NOCaprolactam is the monomer used to produce nylon 6, one of the most widely used synthetic polymers. Over 5 million …
Capsaicina
C₁₈H₂₇NO₃Capsaicin is the chemical responsible for the heat in chili peppers. It activates TRPV1 pain receptors, producing a burning sensation …
Carbonato de bario
BaCO₃Barium carbonate is a white powder used in the manufacture of specialty glass, ceramics, and rat poison. It occurs naturally …
Carbonato de calcio
CaCO₃Calcium carbonate is found in limestone, marble, chalk, and seashells. It is the most common calcium compound in nature.
Carbonato de estroncio
SrCO₃Strontium carbonate is used in the production of specialty glass for cathode ray tubes and in ceramic ferrite magnets. It …
Carbonato de etileno
C₃H₄O₃Ethylene carbonate is a cyclic carbonate used as a solvent in lithium-ion battery electrolytes. It has a high dielectric constant …
Carbonato de litio
Li₂CO₃Lithium carbonate is the most important lithium compound commercially. It is used to treat bipolar disorder and in lithium-ion battery …
Carbonato de magnesio
MgCO₃Magnesium carbonate occurs naturally as the mineral magnesite. It is used as a drying agent, antacid, and in athletic chalk …
Carbonato de potasio
K₂CO₃Potassium carbonate, or potash, is historically one of the most important industrial chemicals. It is used in glass making, soap …
Carbonato de sodio
Na₂CO₃Sodium carbonate (washing soda/soda ash) is a water-soluble salt used in glass making and as a water softener.
Carburo de calcio
CaC₂Calcium carbide reacts with water to produce acetylene gas, which powered miners' lamps for decades. It is still used to …
Carburo de silicio
SiCSilicon carbide is an extremely hard ceramic used as an abrasive (carborundum) and increasingly as a wide-bandgap semiconductor for EV …
Carburo de wolframio
WCTungsten carbide is one of the hardest known materials, nearly as hard as diamond. It is the primary material for …
Catecol
C₆H₆O₂Catechol is a dihydroxybenzene found in many natural polyphenols. It is used in photography, pharmaceutical synthesis, and as an antioxidant.
Celulosa
(C₆H₁₀O₅)ₙCellulose is the most abundant organic polymer on Earth, forming the structural component of plant cell walls. It is a …
Cemento de aluminato de calcio
CaO·Al₂O₃Calcium aluminate cement (CAC) sets and hardens much faster than Portland cement and is resistant to high temperatures and chemical …
Cianuro de potasio
KCNPotassium cyanide is an extremely toxic salt that has been used in gold mining, electroplating, and organic synthesis. It is …
Cianuro de sodio
NaCNSodium cyanide is the primary reagent for gold extraction in mining, consuming about 90% of global cyanide production.
Cisplatino
Pt(NH₃)₂Cl₂Cisplatin is one of the most effective anticancer drugs, used to treat testicular, ovarian, bladder, and many other cancers. It …
Cisteína
C₃H₇NO₂SCysteine is a sulfur-containing amino acid critical for protein structure through disulfide bonds. It is used in food processing and …
Citosina
C₄H₅N₃OCytosine is a pyrimidine nucleobase that pairs with guanine in both DNA and RNA through three hydrogen bonds. In DNA, …
Citrato de calcio
Ca₃(C₆H₅O₇)₂Calcium citrate is a calcium supplement with better absorption on an empty stomach than calcium carbonate. It is also used …
Citrato monosódico
C₆H₇NaO₇Monosodium citrate is a food additive used as an acidity regulator and sequestrant. It is commonly used in beverages and …
Cloruro de aluminio
AlCl₃Aluminum chloride is a powerful Lewis acid catalyst essential for Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation reactions in organic synthesis.
Cloruro de amonio
NH₄ClAmmonium chloride is a white crystalline salt with many industrial and historical uses. It is used in fertilizers, soldering flux, …
Cloruro de bario
BaCl₂Barium chloride is a toxic white salt used as a reagent for sulfate testing and in the manufacture of pigments …
Cloruro de calcio
CaCl₂Calcium chloride is a hygroscopic salt that generates heat when dissolved in water. It is widely used for de-icing and …
Cloruro de cerio(III)
CeCl₃Cerium(III) chloride is the most common cerium salt, used in organic synthesis as a Lewis acid catalyst (Luche reduction) and …
Cloruro de cinc
ZnCl₂Zinc chloride is one of the most soluble salts known. It is a powerful Lewis acid used in organic synthesis …
Cloruro de cobalto(II)
CoCl₂Cobalt(II) chloride changes from blue (anhydrous) to pink (hydrated) with moisture, making it a popular humidity indicator. It is used …
Cloruro de cobre(II)
CuCl₂Copper(II) chloride is a yellow-brown solid that turns green when hydrated. It is used as a catalyst, wood preservative, and …
Cloruro de cromo(III)
CrCl₃Chromium(III) chloride is a purple-green salt used as a catalyst and mordant. Unlike hexavalent chromium compounds, trivalent chromium is relatively …
Cloruro de estaño(II)
SnCl₂Tin(II) chloride, or stannous chloride, is a strong reducing agent used in tin plating, as a mordant in dyeing, and …
Cloruro de hierro(III)
FeCl₃Iron(III) chloride is a dark, hygroscopic compound used as a water treatment agent and printed circuit board etchant.
Cloruro de magnesio
MgCl₂Magnesium chloride is the primary source of magnesium metal via electrolysis. It is also used as a road de-icer, tofu …
Cloruro de mercurio(I)
Hg₂Cl₂Calomel (Hg₂Cl₂) was historically used as a medicine, laxative, and teething powder despite its toxicity. It is now mainly used …
Cloruro de paladio(II)
PdCl₂Palladium(II) chloride is a key starting material for palladium catalysts used in cross-coupling reactions that won the 2010 Nobel Prize …
Cloruro de plata
AgClSilver chloride is a white solid that darkens on exposure to light, a property exploited in photography for over 150 …
Cloruro de platino(IV)
PtCl₄Platinum(IV) chloride is a reddish-brown salt used as a catalyst precursor. Platinum catalysts are essential in automotive catalytic converters and …
Cloruro de polivinilo
(C₂H₃Cl)ₙPolyvinyl chloride is the third most widely produced plastic polymer. It is inherently rigid and flame-resistant but can be made …
Cloruro de potasio
KClPotassium chloride is a salt used as a fertilizer and salt substitute. It is the most common potassium compound in …
Cloruro de rodio(III)
RhCl₃Rhodium(III) chloride is the most common rhodium compound, used as a catalyst precursor. Rhodium is essential in automotive catalytic converters.
Cloruro de sodio
NaClSodium chloride (table salt) is the most common salt, essential for human life. It forms cubic crystals and is abundant …
Coenzima A
C₂₁H₃₆N₇O₁₆P₃SCoenzyme A (CoA) is a coenzyme essential for synthesis and oxidation of fatty acids, and the citric acid cycle. Acetyl-CoA …
Colesterol
C₂₇H₄₆OCholesterol is an essential structural component of cell membranes and a precursor to steroid hormones, bile acids, and vitamin D.
Cromato de potasio
K₂CrO₄Potassium chromate is a bright yellow salt used as an indicator in argentometric titrations and as a corrosion inhibitor.
Cromato de sodio
Na₂CrO₄Sodium chromate is a bright yellow salt and powerful oxidizer used in corrosion inhibition, leather tanning, and as a chromium …
Cumarina
C₉H₆O₂Coumarin gives freshly cut hay and tonka beans their sweet vanilla-like scent. It is used in perfumery and as a …
DDT
C₁₄H₉Cl₅DDT was a revolutionary insecticide that helped eradicate malaria in many countries. It was banned in most nations after Rachel …
Diazepam
C₁₆H₁₃ClN₂ODiazepam (Valium) is one of the most prescribed benzodiazepines, used for anxiety, seizures, and muscle spasms. It was the world's …
Dicromato de potasio
K₂Cr₂O₇Potassium dichromate is a bright orange crystalline oxidizing agent used in analytical chemistry and industrial processes.
Dicromato de sodio
Na₂Cr₂O₇Sodium dichromate is an important industrial chemical used primarily in the production of chromium compounds and in metal finishing. It …
Difluoruro de xenón
XeF₂Xenon difluoride was one of the first noble gas compounds discovered, shattering the belief that noble gases could not form …
Dinucleótido de flavina y adenina
C₂₇H₃₃N₉O₁₅P₂FAD is a redox-active coenzyme involved in many metabolic reactions, especially in the electron transport chain and citric acid cycle.
Dinucleótido de nicotinamida y adenina
C₂₁H₂₇N₇O₁₄P₂NAD+ is a coenzyme central to metabolism, found in every living cell. It carries electrons in redox reactions and is …
Dióxido de circonio
ZrO₂Zirconium dioxide is a white crystalline oxide with the highest melting point of any metal oxide. In its cubic form …
Dióxido de germanio
GeO₂Germanium dioxide is the most important germanium compound commercially, used in fiber optics, infrared optics, and as a polymerization catalyst …
Dióxido de manganeso
MnO₂Manganese dioxide is a black mineral that occurs naturally as pyrolusite. It is the primary cathode material in alkaline and …
Dióxido de plutonio
PuO₂Plutonium dioxide is used in mixed oxide (MOX) nuclear fuel and in radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) that power deep space …
Dióxido de silicio
SiO₂Silicon dioxide (silica) is the most abundant mineral in Earth's crust. Quartz, sand, and glass are all forms of SiO₂.
Dióxido de titanio
TiO₂Titanium dioxide is the most widely used white pigment due to its brightness and high refractive index. It is used …
Dióxido de uranio
UO₂Uranium dioxide is the standard nuclear fuel used in most commercial nuclear reactors. It has a remarkably high melting point …
Disulfuro de molibdeno
MoS₂Molybdenum disulfide is a layered compound with excellent lubricating properties. Its layers can slide over each other like graphite, making …
Dodecilbencenosulfonato de sodio
C₁₈H₂₉NaO₃SSodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS) is the most widely used anionic surfactant in household detergents. It replaced soap for most cleaning applications.
Dopamina
C₈H₁₁NO₂Dopamine is a catecholamine neurotransmitter that plays a central role in reward, motivation, and motor control. It is synthesized from …
EDTA
C₁₀H₁₆N₂O₈EDTA is a powerful chelating agent that binds metal ions. It is used in medicine to treat heavy metal poisoning …
Eritorbato de sodio
C₆H₇NaO₆Sodium erythorbate (E316) is the sodium salt of erythorbic acid, used as an antioxidant in processed meats to accelerate curing …
Estannato de sodio
Na₂SnO₃Sodium stannate is the sodium salt of stannic acid, used as an alkaline tin plating electrolyte and as a flame …
Estearato de sodio
C₁₈H₃₅NaO₂Sodium stearate is the most common soap, formed by the saponification of fats with sodium hydroxide. It has a hydrophilic …
Esteviósido
C₃₈H₆₀O₁₈Stevioside is a natural sweetener extracted from the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana, about 250-300 times sweeter than sugar. It has …
Feldespato potásico
KAlSi₃O₈Potassium feldspar (orthoclase) is the most common mineral in Earth's crust. It is essential in ceramic and glass manufacture.
Fenilalanina
C₉H₁₁NO₂Phenylalanine is an essential aromatic amino acid and a precursor to tyrosine, dopamine, and adrenaline. People with phenylketonuria (PKU) cannot …
Fenol
C₆H₅OHPhenol (carbolic acid) was the first surgical antiseptic used by Joseph Lister in 1865. It is now used primarily in …
Fenolftaleína
C₂₀H₁₄O₄Phenolphthalein is the most famous acid-base indicator, turning pink in basic solutions. It was also used as a laxative until …
Ferricianuro de potasio
K₃[Fe(CN)₆]Potassium ferricyanide is a bright red salt used in blueprint photography, electroplating, and as a mild oxidizing agent. Despite containing …
Ferrita de bario
BaFe₁₂O₁₉Barium ferrite is the most widely produced permanent magnet material by volume, used in loudspeakers, motors, and magnetic recording media.
Ferroceno
Fe(C₅H₅)₂Ferrocene was the first sandwich compound discovered, with an iron atom sandwiched between two cyclopentadienyl rings. Its discovery revolutionized organometallic …
Ferrocianuro de potasio
K₄[Fe(CN)₆]Potassium ferrocyanide is a yellow salt commonly used as an anti-caking agent in table salt (E536). It is much less …
Fluoresceína
C₂₀H₁₂O₅Fluorescein is a synthetic fluorescent dye that glows bright green under UV light. It is used in ophthalmology, water tracing, …
Fluoruro de calcio
CaF₂Calcium fluoride is found naturally as the mineral fluorite, which displays beautiful fluorescence under UV light — the phenomenon of …
Fluoruro de litio
LiFLithium fluoride is a white crystalline salt notable for its extremely low solubility compared to other alkali metal halides. It …
Fluoruro de sodio
NaFSodium fluoride is the fluoride compound most commonly added to water supplies and toothpaste for dental cavity prevention.
Fosfato de calcio
Ca₃(PO₄)₂Tricalcium phosphate is the main mineral component of bone and tooth enamel. Hydroxyapatite, its natural form, makes up about 70% …
Fosfato de hierro y litio
LiFePO₄LFP is a cathode material for lithium-ion batteries offering excellent safety, cycle life, and cost compared to cobalt-based cathodes. It …
Fosfato de titanilo y potasio
KTiOPO₄KTP is a nonlinear optical crystal used to frequency-double Nd:YAG lasers, producing green 532 nm light. It is the crystal …
Fosfato diamónico
(NH₄)₂HPO₄Diammonium phosphate (DAP) is the most widely used phosphorus fertilizer in the world. It provides both nitrogen and phosphorus essential …
Fosfato dipotásico
K₂HPO₄Dipotassium phosphate is a highly soluble salt used as a fertilizer, food additive, and buffer in biological research.
Fosfato monosódico
NaH₂PO₄Monosodium phosphate is a food additive used as an emulsifier, leavening acid, and buffering agent. It is also used in …
Fosfato trisódico
Na₃PO₄Trisodium phosphate (TSP) is a powerful cleaning agent and degreaser. It was once common in household detergents before environmental regulations …
Fructosa
C₆H₁₂O₆Fructose is the sweetest naturally occurring sugar, found abundantly in fruits and honey. It is metabolized primarily in the liver.
Galactosa
C₆H₁₂O₆Galactose is a monosaccharide that combines with glucose to form lactose in milk. Galactosemia is a genetic inability to metabolize …
Glicina
C₂H₅NO₂Glycine is the simplest amino acid and the only one that is achiral (not optically active). It is a major …
Glifosato
C₃H₈NO₅PGlyphosate is the most widely used herbicide in the world, sold as Roundup. It kills plants by inhibiting an enzyme …
Gluconato ferroso
C₁₂H₂₂FeO₁₄Ferrous gluconate is an iron supplement with better GI tolerance than ferrous sulfate. It is also used as a food …
Glucosa
C₆H₁₂O₆Glucose is the primary energy source for cells in all living organisms. It is a monosaccharide (simple sugar) and the …
Glutamato monosódico
C₅H₈NNaO₄MSG is the sodium salt of glutamic acid, widely used as a flavor enhancer that imparts umami taste. It was …
Glutamina
C₅H₁₀N₂O₃Glutamine is the most abundant free amino acid in human blood and muscle tissue. It is conditionally essential during stress, …
Guanina
C₅H₅N₅OGuanine is a purine nucleobase that pairs with cytosine in both DNA and RNA through three hydrogen bonds. It was …
Hexafluorofosfato de sodio
NaPF₆NaPF₆ is being researched as an electrolyte salt for sodium-ion batteries, a cheaper alternative to lithium-ion batteries using abundant sodium.
Hexametafosfato de sodio
(NaPO₃)₆SHMP is a polyphosphate used as a water softener, sequestrant, and food additive. It prevents calcium scale formation in pipes …
Hidroquinona
C₆H₆O₂Hydroquinone is a depigmenting agent that inhibits melanin production. It is used in skin lightening products and as a photographic …
Hidróxido de aluminio
Al(OH)₃Aluminum hydroxide is an amphoteric substance used as an antacid and fire retardant. It can act as both an acid …
Hidróxido de bario
Ba(OH)₂Barium hydroxide is a strong base used in analytical chemistry and organic synthesis. Its reaction with ammonium salts is famously …
Hidróxido de calcio
Ca(OH)₂Calcium hydroxide (slaked lime) is produced by adding water to quicklime. It is used in construction, water treatment, and agriculture.
Hidróxido de litio
LiOHLithium hydroxide is a strong base used in spacecraft and submarines to scrub CO₂ from air. It absorbs CO₂ more …
Hidróxido de magnesio
Mg(OH)₂Magnesium hydroxide (milk of magnesia) is a weak base commonly used as an antacid and laxative.
Hidróxido de potasio
KOHPotassium hydroxide (caustic potash) is a strong base used in liquid soaps, biodiesel production, and alkaline batteries.
Hidróxido de sodio
NaOHSodium hydroxide (lye/caustic soda) is a strong base widely used in industry. It is highly caustic and can dissolve organic …
Hidroxilamina
NH₃OHydroxylamine is a reducing agent and nucleophile used in organic synthesis to produce oximes, hydroxamic acids, and various pharmaceuticals.
Hidruro de calcio
CaH₂Calcium hydride is a drying agent and hydrogen source. It reacts with water to produce hydrogen gas and calcium hydroxide.
Hidruro de litio y aluminio
LiAlH₄LiAlH4 (LAH) is one of the most powerful reducing agents in organic chemistry. It reduces esters, carboxylic acids, and amides …
Hidruro de sodio
NaHSodium hydride is a powerful base and reducing agent used extensively in organic synthesis. It reacts vigorously with water, releasing …
Hipoclorito de calcio
Ca(OCl)₂Calcium hypochlorite is a powerful oxidizing and bleaching agent sold as a white solid with a strong chlorine smell. It …
Histidina
C₆H₉N₃O₂Histidine is a conditionally essential amino acid containing an imidazole side chain. It is the precursor to histamine and plays …
Ibuprofeno
C₁₃H₁₈O₂Ibuprofen is one of the world's most widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Discovered in the 1960s, it is now …
Imidazol
C₃H₄N₂Imidazole is an aromatic heterocycle found in the amino acid histidine. Many antifungal drugs contain imidazole rings.
Índigo
C₁₆H₁₀N₂O₂Indigo is the oldest known vat dye, used to color blue jeans since 1873. Natural indigo was one of the …
Isoleucina
C₆H₁₃NO₂Isoleucine is a branched-chain essential amino acid crucial for hemoglobin synthesis and blood sugar regulation.
Kevlar
(C₁₄H₁₀N₂O₂)ₙKevlar is an aramid fiber five times stronger than steel by weight. Invented by Stephanie Kwolek in 1965, it is …
Lactosa
C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁Lactose is the primary sugar in milk, composed of glucose and galactose. About 65% of the global population has reduced …
Lauril sulfato de sodio
C₁₂H₂₅NaO₄SSodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) is one of the most widely used anionic surfactants. It creates the foamy lather in toothpaste, …
Leucina
C₆H₁₃NO₂Leucine is a branched-chain essential amino acid important for muscle protein synthesis. It is the most abundant amino acid in …
Licopeno
C₄₀H₅₆Lycopene is the red pigment in tomatoes and watermelons. It is one of the most potent antioxidant carotenoids and may …
Lisina
C₆H₁₄N₂O₂Lysine is an essential amino acid critical for collagen formation, calcium absorption, and immune function. It is the most limiting …
Maltosa
C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁Maltose, or malt sugar, is a disaccharide formed from two glucose units. It is produced during the germination of grains, …
Manitol
C₆H₁₄O₆Mannitol is a sugar alcohol used medically to reduce intracranial and intraocular pressure. It occurs naturally in seaweed, mushrooms, and …
Melamina
C₃H₆N₆Melamine is used to produce melamine resin (used in laminates like Formica) and melamine foam (Magic Eraser). It gained infamy …
Melatonina
C₁₃H₁₆N₂O₂Melatonin is a hormone produced by the pineal gland in response to darkness that regulates the circadian rhythm (sleep-wake cycle). …
Mentol
C₁₀H₂₀OMenthol is a cyclic monoterpene alcohol that activates cold-sensitive TRPM8 receptors, producing a cooling sensation. It is extracted from mint …
Metabisulfito de sodio
Na₂S₂O₅Sodium metabisulfite is a powerful reducing agent and preservative used in wine making, food preservation, and water treatment.
Metformina
C₄H₁₁N₅Metformin is the most prescribed medication for type 2 diabetes worldwide. Originally derived from French lilac, it is now being …
Metionina
C₅H₁₁NO₂SMethionine is an essential sulfur-containing amino acid that serves as the initiator of protein synthesis in all eukaryotic cells.
Morfina
C₁₇H₁₉NO₃Morphine is the prototypical opioid analgesic, isolated from opium in 1804. It remains the gold standard against which all painkillers …
Naftaleno
C₁₀H₈Naphthalene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with a characteristic mothball odor. It consists of two fused benzene rings.
Naproxeno
C₁₄H₁₄O₃Naproxen is an NSAID with a longer duration of action than ibuprofen, allowing twice-daily dosing. It was prescription-only until 1994 …
Negro de anilina
C₆H₇NPolyaniline is a conducting polymer discovered in 1862 that changes color with pH and oxidation state. It is one of …
Niacina
C₆H₅NO₂Niacin, or Vitamin B3, is essential for metabolism. Its deficiency causes pellagra, which was epidemic in the American South in …
Niobato de litio
LiNbO₃Lithium niobate is a crystal with exceptional electro-optic, piezoelectric, and nonlinear optical properties. It is called the 'silicon of photonics'.
Nitrato de amonio
NH₄NO₃Ammonium nitrate is a salt used as a high-nitrogen fertilizer and as an oxidizer in explosives. It can detonate if …
Nitrato de cobre(II)
Cu(NO₃)₂Copper(II) nitrate is a blue crystalline salt that is highly soluble in water. It is used in patina solutions for …
Nitrato de plata
AgNO₃Silver nitrate is a versatile compound used in photography, medicine, and analytical chemistry. It stains skin and organic materials black.
Nitrato de potasio
KNO₃Potassium nitrate (saltpeter) is a key component of gunpowder and an important fertilizer. It provides both potassium and nitrogen to …
Nitrato de sodio
NaNO₃Sodium nitrate (Chile saltpeter) is a naturally occurring mineral used in fertilizers, food preservation, and historically in explosives.
Nitrito de sodio
NaNO₂Sodium nitrite is the primary curing agent for meat, giving hot dogs and bacon their pink color and preventing botulism. …
Nitruro de aluminio
AlNAluminum nitride has exceptionally high thermal conductivity for a ceramic, making it ideal for electronic substrates and heat sinks in …
Nitruro de boro
BNBoron nitride exists in hexagonal (soft, lubricant) and cubic (ultra-hard) forms, analogous to graphite and diamond. Cubic BN is the …
Nitruro de titanio
TiNTitanium nitride is an extremely hard gold-colored ceramic coating used on cutting tools, medical implants, and decorative applications.
Nomex
(C₁₄H₁₀N₂O₂)ₙNomex is a heat-resistant aramid fiber used in firefighter gear, race car driver suits, and electrical insulation. It does not …
Nylon-6,6
(C₁₂H₂₂N₂O₂)ₙNylon-6,6 was the first commercially successful synthetic polymer, developed by Wallace Carothers at DuPont in 1935. It revolutionized the textile …
Omeprazol
C₁₇H₁₉N₃O₃SOmeprazole was the first proton pump inhibitor (PPI) and revolutionized the treatment of acid reflux and stomach ulcers. It reduces …
Óxido de aluminio
Al₂O₃Aluminum oxide (alumina) is an extremely hard ceramic material. Natural corundum, rubies, and sapphires are crystalline forms of Al₂O₃.
Óxido de bario
BaOBarium oxide is a white solid that reacts exothermically with water. It was historically used as a drying agent and …
Óxido de berilio
BeOBeryllium oxide has a unique combination of high thermal conductivity and excellent electrical insulation. It conducts heat nearly as well …
Óxido de bismuto(III)
Bi₂O₃Bismuth(III) oxide is a bright yellow powder used in ceramics, glass, and as a precursor to other bismuth compounds. It …
Óxido de cadmio
CdOCadmium oxide is a brown-black semiconductor used in cadmium plating and NiCd batteries. It is highly toxic and a known …
Óxido de calcio
CaOCalcium oxide (quicklime) is a white caustic substance produced by heating limestone. It reacts exothermically with water to form slaked …
Óxido de cerio(IV)
CeO₂Cerium(IV) oxide is the most commercially important compound of cerium, the most abundant rare earth element. It is used as …
Óxido de cinc
ZnOZinc oxide is a white powder used in sunscreens, rubber, ceramics, and electronics. It is one of the most versatile …
Óxido de cobalto(II)
CoOCobalt(II) oxide is a gray-green powder used as a blue coloring agent in ceramics and glass. It has been used …
Óxido de cobre(I)
Cu₂OCopper(I) oxide is a red powder used in antifouling paint for ship hulls and as a fungicide. It occurs naturally …
Óxido de cobre(II)
CuOCopper(II) oxide is a black solid that occurs naturally as the mineral tenorite. It is used as a pigment, in …
Óxido de cromo(III)
Cr₂O₃Chromium(III) oxide is a stable green pigment known as chrome green. It is one of the most durable inorganic pigments …
Óxido de estaño(II)
SnOTin(II) oxide is a blue-black solid used in tin plating and as a reducing agent. It is an amphoteric oxide …
Óxido de estaño(IV)
SnO₂Tin(IV) oxide is the most important tin ore (cassiterite) and has been mined since the Bronze Age. It is a …
Óxido de estroncio
SrOStrontium oxide is a strong base that reacts with water to form strontium hydroxide. It is used in CRT glass …
Óxido de galio(III)
Ga₂O₃Gallium(III) oxide is an emerging ultra-wide bandgap semiconductor that could surpass silicon carbide and gallium nitride in power electronics applications.
Óxido de hierro(II)
FeOIron(II) oxide (wustite) is a non-stoichiometric black mineral. It is thermodynamically unstable and tends to disproportionate to iron and Fe₃O₄.
Óxido de hierro(III)
Fe₂O₃Iron(III) oxide, commonly known as rust or hematite, is a reddish-brown solid. It is the most common iron ore and …
Óxido de hierro(II,III)
Fe₃O₄Magnetite (Fe₃O₄) is the most magnetic naturally occurring mineral on Earth. It is the oldest known magnetic material and was …
Óxido de indio y estaño
In₂O₃·SnO₂Indium tin oxide (ITO) is a transparent conducting oxide used in virtually all touchscreens, LCD displays, and OLED panels. It …
Óxido de itrio
Y₂O₃Yttrium oxide is a white powder used in YAG lasers, phosphors for TVs, and as a stabilizer for zirconia ceramics.
Óxido de itrio, bario y cobre
YBa₂Cu₃O₇YBCO was the first material discovered to superconduct above the boiling point of liquid nitrogen (77 K). Its discovery in …
Óxido de lantano
La₂O₃Lanthanum oxide is used in optical glass, catalytic converters, and as a phosphate binder in medicine. It is a key …
Óxido de litio, níquel, manganeso y cobalto
LiNi₀.₃₃Mn₀.₃₃Co₀.₃₃O₂NMC is the most widely used cathode chemistry in electric vehicle batteries. Different Ni:Mn:Co ratios trade off energy density against …
Óxido de litio y cobalto
LiCoO₂LiCoO₂ was the first commercially successful lithium-ion battery cathode, used in smartphones and laptops since 1991. It offers high energy …
Óxido de magnesio
MgOMagnesium oxide is a white hygroscopic solid with an extremely high melting point. It is used as an antacid and …
Óxido de neodimio(III)
Nd₂O₃Neodymium oxide is the precursor for neodymium metal used in the strongest permanent magnets. These NdFeB magnets are in every …
Óxido de níquel(II)
NiONickel(II) oxide is a green-black crystalline solid used in ceramics, nickel alloy production, and as a catalyst. It exhibits interesting …
Óxido de plomo(II)
PbOLead(II) oxide, or litharge, is a yellow to reddish crystalline powder. It has been used in lead-acid batteries, ceramics, and …
Óxido de vanadio(V)
V₂O₅Vanadium pentoxide is the most important industrial vanadium compound, primarily used as a catalyst for sulfuric acid production by the …
Paracetamol
C₈H₉NO₂Paracetamol (acetaminophen) is the most commonly used medication for pain and fever worldwide. Its exact mechanism of action remains partially …
Penicilina G
C₁₆H₁₈N₂O₄SPenicillin G was the first antibiotic discovered, by Alexander Fleming in 1928 from the mold Penicillium notatum. It works by …
Pentóxido de fósforo
P₄O₁₀Phosphorus pentoxide is the most powerful desiccant (drying agent) known. It is so hygroscopic that it reacts violently with water, …
Pentóxido de niobio
Nb₂O₅Niobium pentoxide is used in high-refractive-index optical coatings, capacitors, and as a catalyst. Niobium is considered a critical raw material.
Pentóxido de tantalio
Ta₂O₅Tantalum pentoxide is a high-dielectric material used in electronic capacitors and as an anti-reflective coating for camera lenses. It is …
Pentóxido de vanadio
V₂O₅Vanadium pentoxide is a yellow to red crystalline solid that is the most important commercial vanadium compound. It is the …
Perborato de sodio
NaBO₃Sodium perborate is a stable source of active oxygen used as a bleaching agent in laundry detergents and teeth whitening …
Percarbonato de sodio
2Na₂CO₃·3H₂O₂Sodium percarbonate is an eco-friendly bleaching agent that releases hydrogen peroxide when dissolved. It is the active ingredient in OxiClean.
Permanganato de potasio
KMnO₄Potassium permanganate is a powerful oxidizing agent that produces deep purple solutions. It is used in water treatment and organic …
Permanganato de sodio
NaMnO₄Sodium permanganate is a powerful oxidizer with much higher water solubility than potassium permanganate, making it useful for water treatment.
Peróxido de sodio
Na₂O₂Sodium peroxide is a powerful oxidizer that reacts vigorously with water to produce NaOH and oxygen. It was used in …
Persulfato de amonio
(NH₄)₂S₂O₈Ammonium persulfate is the most commonly used initiator for free radical polymerization in emulsion and solution polymerizations.
Persulfato de potasio
K₂S₂O₈Potassium persulfate is a powerful oxidizer used to initiate free radical polymerization and as a PCB etchant. It decomposes to …
Peryodato de sodio
NaIO₄Sodium periodate is a selective oxidizing agent that cleaves carbon-carbon bonds between vicinal diols. It is indispensable in carbohydrate chemistry.
PETN
C₅H₈N₄O₁₂PETN is one of the most powerful commonly available explosives and the active component of detonating cord. It is also …
Piridoxina
C₈H₁₁NO₃Pyridoxine, or Vitamin B6, is involved in over 100 enzyme reactions in amino acid metabolism. It is one of the …
Poliacrilato de sodio
(C₃H₃NaO₂)ₙSodium polyacrylate is a superabsorbent polymer that can absorb 300-800 times its weight in water. It is the key material …
Poliacrilonitrilo
(C₃H₃N)ₙPolyacrylonitrile (PAN) is the primary precursor for carbon fiber production, accounting for about 90% of all carbon fiber made.
Policarbonato
(C₁₆H₁₄O₃)ₙPolycarbonate is an extremely tough, transparent thermoplastic. It is virtually unbreakable under normal conditions, with impact resistance 250 times that …
Poliestireno
(C₈H₈)ₙPolystyrene is a versatile plastic that can be rigid or foamed. Expanded polystyrene (Styrofoam) is 95-98% air, giving it excellent …
Polietileno
(C₂H₄)ₙPolyethylene is the most widely produced plastic in the world, with annual production exceeding 100 million tonnes. It comes in …
Polihidroxibutirato
(C₄H₆O₂)ₙPHB is a biodegradable polyester produced naturally by bacteria as an energy storage material. It is being developed as an …
Polimetacrilato de metilo
(C₅H₈O₂)ₙPMMA (Plexiglas/Lucite) is a transparent thermoplastic often used as a lightweight, shatter-resistant alternative to glass.
Polipropileno
(C₃H₆)ₙPolypropylene is the second most widely produced plastic polymer. It has excellent chemical resistance, elasticity, and fatigue resistance. It can …
Politetrafluoroetileno
(C₂F₄)ₙPTFE, marketed as Teflon, has the lowest coefficient of friction of any known solid. The strong C-F bonds make it …
Poliuretano
(C₃H₂NO)ₙPolyurethane is one of the most versatile polymers, produced as flexible foam, rigid foam, coatings, adhesives, and elastomers.
Prolina
C₅H₉NO₂Proline is unique among the standard amino acids as it has a cyclic side chain bonded to both the nitrogen …
Propionato de calcio
Ca(C₂H₅COO)₂Calcium propionate (E282) is the most common bread preservative, preventing mold growth while providing calcium. It is naturally present in …
Purina
C₅H₄N₄Purine is the parent compound of adenine and guanine, two of the five nucleobases in DNA and RNA. Purines are …
Quitosano
(C₆H₁₁NO₄)ₙChitosan is derived from chitin in crustacean shells and is the second most abundant natural polysaccharide after cellulose. It has …
RDX
C₃H₆N₆O₆RDX is a powerful military explosive more potent than TNT. It is a key component of C-4 plastic explosive and …
Resina de fenol-formaldehído
(C₇H₆O₂)ₙBakelite, the first fully synthetic plastic, is a phenol-formaldehyde resin invented in 1907. It launched the Age of Plastics and …
Resorcinol
C₆H₆O₂Resorcinol is a dihydroxybenzene isomer used in dermatology to treat acne, eczema, and dandruff. It is also used in adhesive …
Retinol
C₂₀H₃₀ORetinol (vitamin A) is a fat-soluble vitamin essential for vision, immune function, and cell growth. It is the immediate precursor …
Riboflavina
C₁₇H₂₀N₄O₆Riboflavin (vitamin B2) is an essential water-soluble vitamin that functions as a component of the coenzymes FAD and FMN. These …
Rojo Congo
C₃₂H₂₂N₆Na₂O₆S₂Congo red is an azo dye historically important as the first direct dye for cotton. In medicine, it is used …
Sacarina
C₇H₅NO₃SSaccharin was the first artificial sweetener, discovered in 1879. It is about 300-400 times sweeter than sugar with a slightly …
Sacarosa
C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁Sucrose (table sugar) is a disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose. It is extracted from sugar cane and sugar beets.
Samario-cobalto
SmCo₅Samarium cobalt magnets were the first rare earth permanent magnets developed. They retain their magnetism at higher temperatures than neodymium …
Serina
C₃H₇NO₃Serine is a non-essential amino acid important for phospholipid synthesis and protein phosphorylation. Its name derives from the Latin word …
Serotonina
C₁₀H₁₂N₂OSerotonin is a monoamine neurotransmitter primarily found in the gastrointestinal tract (about 90%), blood platelets, and central nervous system. It …
Silicato de calcio
CaSiO₃Calcium silicate is a white powder used in construction materials, food additives, and thermal insulation. It occurs naturally as the …
Silicato de magnesio
Mg₃Si₄O₁₀(OH)₂Talc (hydrous magnesium silicate) is the softest known mineral, rated 1 on the Mohs hardness scale. Its layered crystal structure …
Silicato de sodio
Na₂SiO₃Sodium silicate (water glass) is an inorganic compound used as an adhesive, sealant, and fire retardant. Its solution is alkaline …
Sorbato de potasio
C₆H₇KO₂Potassium sorbate (E202) is a widely used food preservative effective against molds and yeasts. It is considered one of the …
Sorbitol
C₆H₁₄O₆Sorbitol is a sugar alcohol found naturally in many fruits. It is used as a low-calorie sweetener, humectant, and pharmaceutical …
Sucralosa
C₁₂H₁₉Cl₃O₈Sucralose is an artificial sweetener made by chlorinating sucrose, about 600 times sweeter than sugar. It passes through the body …
Sulfato de aluminio y potasio
KAl(SO₄)₂Potash alum is a double salt used in water purification, pickling, and as an astringent. It has been used since …
Sulfato de amonio
(NH₄)₂SO₄Ammonium sulfate is one of the oldest and most widely used nitrogen fertilizers. It provides both nitrogen and sulfur to …
Sulfato de bario
BaSO₄Barium sulfate is an extremely insoluble salt used as a radiocontrast agent for X-ray imaging and in oil well drilling.
Sulfato de calcio
CaSO₄Calcium sulfate occurs naturally as gypsum (CaSO₄·2H₂O) and anhydrite. Plaster of Paris is its hemihydrate form.
Sulfato de cinc
ZnSO₄Zinc sulfate is used as a dietary supplement, in agriculture as a fertilizer, and in the production of rayon fiber.
Sulfato de cobre(II)
CuSO₄Copper(II) sulfate forms striking blue crystals (pentahydrate form). It is used in agriculture as a fungicide and in crystal growing …
Sulfato de hierro(II)
FeSO₄Iron(II) sulfate (ferrous sulfate) is used as an iron supplement and in water treatment. Its green vitriol form has been …
Sulfato de hierro(III)
Fe₂(SO₄)₃Iron(III) sulfate is a yellow-brown salt used in water treatment as a coagulant and in etching printed circuit boards.
Sulfato de magnesio
MgSO₄Magnesium sulfate is commonly known as Epsom salt (in its hydrated form MgSO₄·7H₂O). It is used in bath salts and …
Sulfato de níquel(II)
NiSO₄Nickel(II) sulfate is the most important nickel salt commercially, primarily used in electroplating and nickel-cadmium battery production.
Sulfato de óxido de vanadio(IV)
VOSO₄Vanadyl sulfate is a blue vanadium compound used in redox flow batteries and studied as a potential anti-diabetic agent mimicking …
Sulfato de potasio
K₂SO₄Potassium sulfate is a premium potassium fertilizer preferred for chloride-sensitive crops like tobacco, grapes, and citrus.
Sulfato de sodio
Na₂SO₄Sodium sulfate (Glauber's salt in hydrated form) is used in detergent manufacturing and the kraft process for paper pulping.
Sulfito de sodio
Na₂SO₃Sodium sulfite is a white solid used as a food preservative and antioxidant. It is the most common sulfiting agent …
Sulfuro de cadmio
CdSCadmium sulfide is a bright yellow pigment (cadmium yellow) used in artist paints and a semiconductor used in solar cells …
Sulfuro de cinc
ZnSZinc sulfide is a luminescent material that forms the basis of many phosphorescent and fluorescent products. It occurs naturally as …
Sulfuro de cobre(II)
CuSCopper(II) sulfide, or covellite, is a dark blue-black mineral. It is an important copper ore and semiconductor material.
Sulfuro de hierro(II)
FeSIron(II) sulfide occurs naturally as troilite and pyrrhotite. It is used to generate hydrogen sulfide in laboratory settings and in …
Sulfuro de mercurio(II)
HgSMercury(II) sulfide occurs naturally as cinnabar, a brilliant red mineral used as a pigment since ancient times. It was the …
Sulfuro de plomo(II)
PbSLead(II) sulfide, or galena, is the most important ore of lead and was one of the first semiconductors discovered. Ancient …
Superfosfato
Ca(H₂PO₄)₂Single superphosphate was the first commercial fertilizer, produced since the 1840s. It provides both phosphorus and calcium to crops.
Talco
Mg₃Si₄O₁₀(OH)₂Talc is the softest known mineral (Mohs hardness 1) and the primary ingredient in talcum powder. It is used in …
Tartrato ácido de potasio
KHC₄H₄O₆Cream of tartar is a byproduct of winemaking that crystallizes inside wine barrels. It is used in baking as a …
Teobromina
C₇H₈N₄O₂Theobromine is the primary alkaloid in cocoa and chocolate. It is the reason chocolate is toxic to dogs, who metabolize …
Teofilina
C₇H₈N₄O₂Theophylline is a methylxanthine found in tea and used to treat asthma by relaxing bronchial smooth muscle. It is chemically …
terc-Butanol
C₄H₁₀Otert-Butanol is unique among butanol isomers as it is a solid near room temperature. It is used as a solvent …
Tereftalato de dimetilo
C₁₀H₁₀O₄DMT is one of the two main monomers used to produce PET plastic (the other being terephthalic acid). It is …
Tereftalato de polietileno
(C₁₀H₈O₄)ₙPET is one of the most recycled plastics worldwide. It is clear, strong, and lightweight, making it ideal for beverage …
Tetraborato de sodio
Na₂B₄O₇Borax is a natural boron mineral used in cleaning products, glass making, and as a flux. It has been mined …
Tetróxido de osmio
OsO₄Osmium tetroxide is a powerful oxidizing agent used to stain biological tissue for electron microscopy and to dihydroxylate alkenes in …
Tiamina
C₁₂H₁₇N₄OS⁺Thiamine, or Vitamin B1, is essential for glucose metabolism. Its deficiency causes beriberi, a disease that plagued Asian populations dependent …
Timina
C₅H₆N₂O₂Thymine is a pyrimidine nucleobase found exclusively in DNA, where it pairs with adenine through two hydrogen bonds. It is …
Timol
C₁₀H₁₄OThymol is a natural monoterpene phenol found in thyme oil. It has been used as an antiseptic since ancient Egyptian …
Tiocianato de potasio
KSCNPotassium thiocyanate is a colorless salt used as a reagent to detect iron(III) ions, producing a characteristic blood-red color.
Tiosulfato de sodio
Na₂S₂O₃Sodium thiosulfate (hypo) was essential in analog photography as a photographic fixer. It also neutralizes chlorine in water.
Tirosina
C₉H₁₁NO₃Tyrosine is a non-essential amino acid and precursor to dopamine, adrenaline, noradrenaline, and melanin. Its name comes from the Greek …
Titanato-circonato de plomo
Pb(Zr,Ti)O₃PZT is the most widely used piezoelectric ceramic material, found in sensors, actuators, and ultrasound transducers. It converts mechanical stress …
Titanato de bario
BaTiO₃Barium titanate was the first piezoelectric ceramic discovered and is used in capacitors, sensors, and transducers. It has an exceptionally …
Treonina
C₄H₉NO₃Threonine is an essential amino acid important for immune function, gut health, and collagen production. It was the last of …
Trifosfato de adenosina
C₁₀H₁₆N₅O₁₃P₃ATP is the primary energy currency of all living cells. It stores and transfers chemical energy by the hydrolysis of …
Trinitrotolueno
C₇H₅N₃O₆TNT is a yellow solid explosive that is one of the most commonly used military and commercial explosives. Despite being …
Trióxido de antimonio
Sb₂O₃Antimony trioxide is the most important commercial antimony compound, primarily used as a flame retardant synergist with halogenated compounds.
Trióxido de boro
B₂O₃Boron trioxide is a glassy solid that is one of the most important boron compounds. It is a key component …
Trióxido de cromo
CrO₃Chromium trioxide is a powerful oxidizer and the source of hexavalent chromium in chrome plating baths. It is the most …
Trióxido de molibdeno
MoO₃Molybdenum trioxide is the primary industrial source of molybdenum. It is used as a catalyst, pigment, and precursor for molybdenum …
Trióxido de wolframio
WO₃Tungsten trioxide is a yellow powder that is the primary intermediate in tungsten metal production. It is reduced with hydrogen …
Tripolifosfato de sodio
Na₅P₃O₁₀STPP is the most commonly used detergent builder, softening water by sequestering calcium and magnesium ions. It is restricted in …
Triptófano
C₁₁H₁₂N₂O₂Tryptophan is an essential amino acid that the body cannot synthesize. It is the biosynthetic precursor to serotonin (the 'happy …
Tungstato de calcio
CaWO₄Calcium tungstate (scheelite) is the primary ore mineral for tungsten and fluoresces bright blue-white under UV light. It was used …
Tungstato de sodio
Na₂WO₄Sodium tungstate is used as a fireproofing agent for fabrics and as a reagent in analytical chemistry. It also serves …
Uracilo
C₄H₄N₂O₂Uracil is a pyrimidine nucleobase found in RNA but not DNA. It pairs with adenine through two hydrogen bonds. In …
Urea
CO(NH₂)₂Urea is the main nitrogen-containing waste product of protein metabolism in mammals. It was the first organic compound synthesized from …
Vainillina
C₈H₈O₃Vanillin is the primary flavor compound in vanilla and the world's most popular flavoring agent. Over 85% of commercial vanillin …
Valina
C₅H₁₁NO₂Valine is a branched-chain essential amino acid named after the plant valerian. It is important for muscle metabolism and tissue …
Vidrio de borosilicato sódico
Na₂O·B₂O₃·SiO₂Borosilicate glass (Pyrex) has excellent thermal shock resistance and chemical durability. It is used in laboratory glassware, cookware, and telescope …
Vidrio de silicato de plomo(II)
PbO·SiO₂Lead crystal glass contains 24-35% lead oxide, giving it high refractive index, brilliance, and a clear ringing tone. It has …
Xilitol
C₅H₁₂O₅Xylitol is a sugar alcohol with a sweetness similar to sucrose but 40% fewer calories. It is widely used in …
Yodato de potasio
KIO₃Potassium iodate is used for iodization of salt in many developing countries because it is more stable than potassium iodide …
Yoduro de potasio
KIPotassium iodide is a salt used to protect the thyroid gland from radiation and to treat iodine deficiency. It is …
Zeolita A
Na₁₂Al₁₂Si₁₂O₄₈Zeolite A is a synthetic aluminosilicate with precisely sized pores (4 angstrom) that act as a molecular sieve. It replaced …